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Oceania is a diverse region encompassing Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, New Zealand, and Polynesia, and it contains six of the world's 39 hotspots of diversity. It has a poor record for extinctions, particularly for birds on islands and mammals. Major causes include habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, and overexploitation. We identified six major threatening processes (habitat loss and degradation, invasive species, climate change, overexploitation, pollution, and disease) based on a comprehensive review of the literature and for each developed a set of conservation policies. Many policies reflect the urgent need to deal with the effects of burgeoning human populations (expected to increase significantly in the region) on biodiversity. There is considerable difference in resources for conservation, including people and available scientific information, which are heavily biased toward more developed countries in Oceania. Most scientific publications analyzed for four threats (habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation, and pollution) are from developed countries: 88.6% of Web of Science publications were from Australia (53.7%), New Zealand (24.3%), and Hawaiian Islands (10.5%). Many island states have limited resources or expertise. Even countries that do (e.g., Australia, New Zealand) have ongoing and emerging significant challenges, particularly with the interactive effects of climate change. Oceania will require the implementation of effective policies for conservation if the region's poor record on extinctions is not to continue.

Objectives Very-low-birthweight (VLBW) delivery accounts for the majority of neonatal mortality and the black–white disparity in infant mortality. The risk of recurrent VLBW is highest for African-Americans of lower socioeconomic status. This study explores whether the provision of primary health care and social support following a VLBW delivery improves subsequent child spacing and pregnancy outcomes for low-income, African-American women. Methods This pilot study of mixed prospective-retrospective cohort design enrolled African-American women who qualified for indigent care and delivered a VLBW infant at a public hospital in Atlanta from November 2003 through March 2004 into the intervention cohort ( n 1  = 29). The intervention consisted of coordinated primary health care and social support for 24 months following the VLBW delivery. A retrospective cohort was assembled from consecutive women meeting the same eligibility criteria who delivered a VLBW infant during July 2001 through June 2002 ( n 2  = 58). The number of pregnancies conceived within 18 months of the index VLBW delivery and the number of adverse pregnancy outcomes for each cohort was compared with Poisson regression. Results Women in the control cohort had, on average, 2.6 (95% CI: 1.1–5.8) times as many pregnancies within 18 months of the index VLBW delivery and 3.5 (95% CI: 1.0–11.7) times as many adverse pregnancy outcomes as women in the intervention cohort. Conclusions This small, pilot study suggests that primary health care and social support for low-income, African-American women following a VLBW delivery may enhance achievement of a subsequent 18-month interpregnancy interval and reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Background: Shoulder instability is a common cause of pain and dysfunction in young, active patients. While studies have analyzed risk factors for recurrent instability and failure after instability surgery, few have examined which variables are associated with initial surgery in this patient population. Purpose: To identify variables that may be associated with surgical intervention in patients with shoulder instability in the context of the FEDS (frequency, etiology, direction, severity) classification, a system that may be useful in the surgical treatment of shoulder instability patients. Study Design: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A database of patients treated for shoulder instability from 3 separate institutions from 2005 to 2010 was generated using International Classification of Diseases–9th Revision data. Data were collected via retrospective review. Injury data were categorized according to the FEDS system. Data were analyzed for significance, with the primary outcome of surgical intervention. Summary statistics were used to assess which variables were associated with eventual surgery. To test the unadjusted bivariate associations between shoulder surgery and each data point, Pearson chi-square tests were used for categorical variables and Wilcoxon tests were used for continuous variables. Results: Over the study time period, 377 patients were treated for shoulder instability. Patients who had surgery were more likely younger, had recurrent instability, and had their initial injury while playing a sport. Most patients had anterior instability; however, there was a greater proportion of posterior instability patients in the operative group. Severity of dislocation, measured by whether the patient required help to relocate the shoulder, was not significantly associated with eventual surgery. While imaging was not available for all patients, surgical patients were more likely to have magnetic resonance imaging findings of anterior labral injury and less likely to have a supraspinatus or subscapularis tear. Conclusion: Patients who underwent surgery for shoulder instability were younger, more likely to have experienced recurrent instability, and more likely to have sustained their original injury while playing sports. The FEDS classification, particularly the frequency and etiology of the patient’s shoulder instability, may be helpful in identifying patients with a higher likelihood of undergoing surgical treatment.

The design and performance of a dynamic divider by four based on a 100 nm metamorphic enhancement HEMT technology operating in the range 58 to 82 GHz is presented. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the highest operation frequency obtained for a dynamic divider based on HEMT technology. The complete circuit has a power consumption of approximately 500 mW for a supply voltage of -3.5 V. The input signal is single-ended. The output driver is able to drive a 50 Omega external load.

Despite enormous advances in surface vessel and strategic airlift technologies, distance remains the key challenge for the U.S. Army in the Pacific. Earlier this year, the 17th Field Artillery Brigade commander charged the support operations (SPO) team with solving a critical sustainment task that had yet to be addressed: in an austere environment, how does an M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS) battery or battalion offload critical Class V from fixed and rotary wing aircraft when no organic material handling equipment (MHE) exists? Solving the Problem A field artillery (HIMARS) brigade support battalion (BSB) differs from a brigade combat team in capability and structure. Assets organic to the brigade centered around the M1084 Resupply Vehicle (RSV), while assets organic to the firing battery included the M985 Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) and M1120 Load Handling System (LHS) with the M3 container rollin/out platform (CROP) (organic to the FSC and BSB) loaded with four rocket pods.

The design and performance of a dynamic divider by four based on a 100 nm metamorphic enhancement HEMT technology operating in the range 58 to 82 GHz, is presented. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the highest operation frequency obtained for a dynamic divider based on HEMT technology. The complete circuit has a power consumption of approximately 500 mW for a supply voltage of -3.5 V. The input signal is single-ended. The output driver is able to drive a 50 O external load.