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Interest in naturally occurring phytochemicals has been on the increase, they are believed to reduce the risk of brain disorders. Hispidulin (HN) is a phenolic flavonoid compound with various pharmacological and biological effects on the central nervous system. It belongs to the flavone class of flavonoids. It can be found in different plant materials, especially fruits and vegetables. The literature used in this review was collected from credible scientific databases including ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Hindawi without time restriction, using relevant keywords, such as HN, brain, central nervous system, flavonoids, and flavones. HN was discovered to possess pro-apoptotic properties, act as an antioxidant, inhibit cytokine production and toll-like receptor 4 expression, as well as impede nuclear factor kappa beta and mitogen-activated protein kinase B. HN was also found to inhibit lipid peroxidation in vitro and reduce brain edema in mice. These pharmacological potentials suggest that HN is a promising candidate for neuroprotection in CNS disorders like depression and epilepsy. This review provides an update on the scientific literature concerning how these activities could help provide various forms of neuroprotection in the CNS. Additional experimental data on the effects of HN in models of neurological disorders and neuroprotection should be explored further. Based on the current study, HN is a promising candidate for neuroprotection of the CNS.

Background Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure has been linked to oxidative stress and neurochemical imbalances, potentially compromising cellular integrity. By increasing free radical production, EMR disrupts the antioxidant defense system, including glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT); which may contribute to neuronal damage and cognitive impairment. Method This study examines the impact of intrauterine mobile phone radiation (MPR) exposure on hippocampal neurotransmitters and oxidative stress markers in albino mice and their offspring. Thirty-five healthy mice, obtained from pregnant females aged 10–14 weeks (weighing 18–20 g), were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 5 per group), Group I (control, no MPR exposure); Groups II–IV (exposed to 2G 0.9 GHz, 3G 1.5 GHz, and 4G 1.95 GHz MPR until parturition, respectively); and Groups V–VII (exposed to the same frequencies until weaning). Results After eight weeks of exposure, hippocampal tissues were analyzed for neurochemical markers (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutamate (GLU)) as well as oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde (MDA), SOD, and GSH) and their histological structure. MPR exposure resulted in a significant reduction ( p  < 0.05) in AChE levels in groups III–VII, except for group II ( p  > 0.05), while GLU levels significantly increased ( p  < 0.05) in group VII. Oxidative stress analysis revealed significantly elevated MDA and SOD levels ( p  < 0.05) and a marked reduction in GSH levels across all exposed groups ( p  < 0.05). Conclusion Intrauterine exposure to MPR induces oxidative stress and neurochemical imbalances in albino mice, which is characterized by decreased AChE and GSH levels and increased MDA, SOD, and GLU concentrations. These findings suggest that prolonged MPR exposure may disrupt hippocampal function, potentially affecting cognitive and neurodevelopmental processes.

Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a debilitating disorder due to trauma caused by an external mechanical force eventually leading to disruption in the normal function of the brain, with possible outcomes including permanent or temporary dysfunction of cognitive, physical, and psychosocial abilities. There have been several studies focusing on the search and innovation of neuroprotective agents that could have therapeutic relevance in TBI management. Due to its complexity, TBI is divided into two major components. The first initial event is known as the primary injury; it is a result of the mechanical insult itself and is known to be irreversible and resistant to a vast variety of therapeutics. The secondary event or secondary brain injury is viewed as a cellular injury that does not manifest immediately after the trauma but evolved after a delay period of hours or several days. This category of injury is known to respond favorably to different pharmacological treatment approaches. Main body Due to the complexity in the pathophysiology of the secondary injury, the therapeutic strategy needs to be in a multi-facets model and to have the ability to simultaneously regulate different cellular changes. Several studies have investigated in deep the possible approaches relying on natural compounds as an alternative therapeutic strategy for the management of TBI. In addition, many natural compounds have the potential to target numerous different components of the secondary injury including neuroinflammation, apoptosis, PP2A, tau, and Aβ among others. Here, we review past and current strategies in the therapeutic management of TBI, focusing on the PP2A-tau axis both in animal and human subjects. This review uncovers, in addition, a variety of compounds used in TBI therapy. Conclusion Despite beneficial therapeutic effects observed in animals for many compounds, studies are still needed to be conducted on human subjects to validate their therapeutic virtues. Furthermore, potential therapeutic virtues observed among studies might likely be dependent on the TBI animal model used and the type of induced injury. In addition, specificity and side effects are challenges in TBI therapy specifically which site of PP2A dysfunction to be targeted.

Research on the effects of Mobile phone radio frequency emissions on biological systems has been focused on noise and vibrations as auditory stressors. This study investigated the potential effects of exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic field radiation, ringtone and vibration on anxiety-like behaviour and oxidative stress biomarkers in albino wistar rats. Twenty five male wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of 5 animals each: group I: exposed to mobile phone in switched off mode (control), group II: exposed to mobile phone in silent mode, group III: exposed to mobile phone in vibration mode, group IV: exposed to mobile phone in ringtone mode, group V: exposed to mobile phone in vibration and ringtone mode. The animals in group II to V were exposed to 10 min call (30 missed calls for 20 s each) per day for 4 weeks. Neurobehavioural studies for assessing anxiety were carried out 24 h after the last exposure and the animals were sacrificed. Brain samples were collected for biochemical evaluation immediately. Results obtained showed a significant decrease ( P  < 0.05) in open arm duration in all the experimental groups when compared to the control. A significant decrease ( P  < 0.05) was also observed in catalase activity in group IV and V when compared to the control. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicates that 4 weeks exposure to electromagnetic radiation, vibration, ringtone or both produced a significant effect on anxiety-like behavior and oxidative stress in young wistar rats.

Resveratrol (RESV) and Environmental Enrichment (EE) have been separately reported to protect organisms against various diseases. This study investigated the potential benefit of the combination of RESV and EE on biomarkers of oxidative stress in young healthy mice. Fifty mice of both sexes were randomly divided into five groups of 10 animals each: group I served as control, group II were maintained on alternate day feeding, group III received RESV 50 mg/kg, suspended in caboxymethylcellulose orally per kg/day. Group IV received CMC and kept in an Enriched Environment, group V received RESV + EE. The treatment lasted for 28 days. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last treatment and brain samples were collected for biochemical evaluation. The results obtained showed a significant decrease ( P  < 0.05) in malondialdehyde concentration in EE group and RESV treated group kept EE when compared to the control. A significant decrease was also observed in glutathione peroxidase activity in all the treatment groups when compared to the control. A significant decrease in GPx activities in RESV, EE and RESV + EE treated groups in male and female mice when compared to the control groups respectively. However, a significant increase in GPx activities was observed in EE group in male mice and EODF, RESV groups in female mice when compared to RESV + EE groups respectively. In conclusion, the result of our study indicates that EE possesses antioxidant properties by decreasing MDA concentration and attenuating lipid peroxidation in the brain of young Swiss albino mice.

Doc number: 456 Abstract Background: Strychnos spinosa Lam. is a deciduous tree used in traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases. This study is designed to determine the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and fractions from leaves of S. spinosa. Methods: Extracts were obtained by maceration with acetone, methanol and dichloromethane/methanol (1/1) while fractions were prepared by liquid-liquid fractionation of the acetone extract. A broth serial microdilution method with tetrazolium violet as growth indicator was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antioxidant activity was determined using free-radical-scavenging assays, and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay was used to determine cytotoxicity. Results: Four extracts and five fractions had good to weak antimicrobial activity with MICs ranging from 0.04 to >1.25 mg/ml against both fungi and bacteria. The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions had an MIC of 0.08 mg/ml against Aspergillus fumigatus . The n-butanol fraction had an MIC of 0.04 mg/ml against Cryptococcus neoformans . The hexane and chloroform fractions had an MIC of 0.08 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus . The antioxidant activities were much lower than that of the positive controls. Except for the alkaloid extract, all the extracts and fractions had free-radical-scavenging activity (IC50 ranging from 33.66 to 314.30 μg/ml). The cytotoxicity on Vero cells was reasonable to low with LC50 values ranging between 30.56 and 689.39 μg/ml. Conclusion: The acetone extract and the chloroform fraction had the highest antibacterial activity. By solvent-solvent fractionation it was possible to increase the activity against A. fumigatus and to decrease the cytotoxicity leading to a potentially useful product to protect animals against aspergillosis. Our results therefore support the use of S. spinosa leaves in traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases.

In an era where electronic advancements surge forward at an unprecedented pace, public apprehension surrounding the health ramifications of radio-frequency (RF) radiation intensifies. This study looked into the impact of chronic exposure to mobile phone radiation, coupled with glutathione supplementation, on serum lipid profiles and body weight in mice—a subject vital for understanding potential health risks in humans and animals respectively. Thirty-five male mice were divided into seven groups, each subjected to various mobile phone modes and glutathione treatments. Over five weeks, these mice were exposed to 300 missed calls daily, simulating real-world exposure scenarios. Different serum lipid parameters—triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)—were monitored and observed throughout the study period. Remarkably, triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL levels exhibited no noteworthy statistical variances compared to the control group or among experimental cohorts exposed to diverse range of mobile phone radiation modes or glutathione supplements. However, we noted some little deviations in HDL levels, particularly in the silent and silent+glutathione groups. Moreover, we also noted an unexpected result in weight loss across all groups by week three, which was pronounced by week five, and notably pronounced in the glutathione-administered cohorts. This outcome hints at glutathione’s complex role in mitigating some complications of mobile phone radiation exposure. In conclusion, the study suggests a potential interplay between glutathione supplementation, mobile phone radiation exposure, and HDL levels in mice—an avenue ripe for further exploration into the understanding of cellular response to modern technological exposures.

The widespread presence of electromagnetic fields (EMF) produced by modern technologies may pose a significant threat to animal health. Ionizing radiation, a byproduct of EMF exposure, has the potential to contribute to serious diseases, including cancer. This study examines the impact of chronic exposure to 900-1800 MHz GSM-EMF-induced electromagnetic radiation on liver enzymes and serum electrolytes in mice, and the potential mitigating effects of exogenous glutathione (GSH) administration. Thirty-five adult male mice were randomly divided into seven groups and exposed to various modes of mobile phone radiation for five weeks, with or without GSH administration. Liver enzymes, Alkaline phosphates (ALP), Alanine transaminase (ALT) , Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and, serum electrolytes, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate were analyzed. Results showed significant increases in ALP levels in the Silent, Ringtone + GSH, and Silent + GSH groups compared to control group, while ALT and AST levels remained largely unchanged with the exception of some groups across the experimental cohorts. Serum electrolyte concentrations did not significantly differ across the control group. Our study found that chronic mobile phone radiation exposure in mice generally does not significantly affect liver enzyme levels or serum electrolyte concentrations. However, certain combinations with GSH administration notably increased some biochemical markers like ALP, ALT, and AST levels. Our study concluded that chronic mobile phone radiation had no significant impact on liver enzymes or serum electrolytes in mice. However, glutathione administration in combination with radiation increased liver enzyme levels, suggesting a potential role in oxidative stress mitigation. Further research is needed to explore these findings.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Footnotes* This version has been revised to capture more details on Methodology and discussion as well as Authors affiliations

Air quality monitoring in hazardous environments is crucial for protecting public health and the environment. Traditional stationary systems often fail to cover large, dynamic areas, making real-time detection challenging. Manual monitoring with handheld devices, though common, exposes personnel to hazardous conditions, posing significant health risks due to toxic substances and chemicals. Existing mobile robotic systems for environmental monitoring typically rely on basic sensors and lack advanced data analysis capabilities. This research addresses these gaps by introducing a novel framework using the Recurrent Intelligent Data Archive (RIDA), which combines Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) with relational database management systems (RDBMS). RIDA enhances prediction accuracy by efficiently processing, integrating, and managing data, overcoming the limitations of standard RNNs. The mobile robot in this system is equipped with sensors and telemetry to remotely transmit data to a base station, allowing real-time data analysis in hazardous environments and predicting the necessity for personnel presence. The framework demonstrates improved accuracy, with training and testing accuracies of 85% and 88%, respectively, offering a scalable solution for real-time monitoring in hazardous environments and significantly enhancing safety and environmental management.