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The comparison between crustal stress and surface strain azimuthal patterns has provided new insights into several complex tectonic settings worldwide. Here, we performed such a comparison for Egypt taking into account updated datasets of seismological and geodetic observations. In north-eastern Egypt, the stress field shows a fan-shaped azimuthal pattern with a WNW–ESE orientation on the Cairo region, which progressively rotated to NW–SE along the Gulf of Aqaba. The stress field shows a prevailing normal faulting regime, however, along the Sinai/Arabia plate boundary it coexists with a strike–slip faulting one (σ1 ≅ σ2 > σ3), while on the Gulf of Suez, it is characterized by crustal extension occurring on near-orthogonal directions (σ1 > σ2 ≅ σ3). On the Nile Delta, the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) pattern shows scattered orientations, while on the Aswan region, it has a WNW–ESE strike with pure strike–slip features. The strain-rate field shows the largest values along the Red Sea and the Sinai/Arabia plate boundary. Crustal stretching (up to 40 nanostrain/yr) occurs on these areas with WSW–ENE and NE–SW orientations, while crustal contraction occurs on northern Nile Delta (10 nanostrain/yr) and offshore (~35 nanostrain/yr) with E–W and N–S orientations, respectively. The comparison between stress and strain orientations over the investigated area reveals that both patterns are near-parallel and driven by the same large-scale tectonic processes.

A comparative analysis of geodetic versus seismic moment-rate estimations makes it possible to distinguish between seismic and aseismic deformation, define the style of deformation, and also to reveal potential seismic gaps. This analysis has been performed for Egypt where the present-day tectonics and seismicity result from the long-lasting interaction between the Nubian, Eurasian, and Arabian plates. The data used comprises all available geological and tectonic information, an updated Poissonian earthquake catalog (2200 B.C.–2020 A.D.) including historical and instrumental datasets, a focal-mechanism solutions catalog (1951–2019), and crustal geodetic strains from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. The studied region was divided into ten (EG-01 to EG-10) crustal seismic sources based mainly on seismicity, focal mechanisms, and geodetic strain characteristics. The delimited seismic sources cover the Gulf of Aqaba–Dead Sea Transform Fault system, the Gulf of Suez–Red Sea Rift, besides some potential seismic active regions along the Nile River and its delta. For each seismic source, the estimation of seismic and geodetic moment-rates has been performed. Although the obtained results cannot be considered to be definitive, among the delimited sources, four of them (EG-05, EG-06, EG-08, and EG-10) are characterized by low seismic-geodetic moment-rate ratios (<20%), reflecting a prevailing aseismic behavior. Intermediate moment-rate ratios (from 20% to 60%) have been obtained in four additional zones (EG-01, EG-04, EG-07, and EG-09), evidencing how the seismicity accounts for a minor to a moderate fraction of the total deformational budget. In the other two sources (EG-02 and EG-03), high seismic-geodetic moment-rates ratios (>60%) have been observed, reflecting a fully seismic deformation.

Water is becoming one of the most critical strategic challenges for any country. Egypt has numerous water resources, the most notable being the Nile River. Egypt must seek alternative resources because the development of an Ethiopian dam has reduced the Nile's water flow. Underground water is a source of available water. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the variables governing the flow of subsurface water in Egypt. The primary objective of this study is to examine the hydrological water flow along the Nile Valley between southern Cairo and Beni Suef, Egypt. Applying integrated geophysical and geodetic methods can improve our understanding of the hydrological regime. Fault and stress regimes have a direct effect on underground water flow. Aeromagnetic data were used to determine the main faults in the study area, and four geoelectrical long profiles were measured crossing the Nile Valley. Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements observed along geodetic points covered the study area. The magnetic results show that two faults hit the area, both of which have a pronounced magnetic pattern in the ENE–WSW direction, and two faults in the NW–SE direction. For the geoelectrical results, we observed that the second geoelectrical unit represents the main groundwater aquifer in this region, and it is regulated in the NW–SE direction. The obtained GNSS results demonstrate that compression forces in the south and north influence the hydrological system in the Nile Valley. Faults detected from geological maps and magnetic observations are also influenced by compression forces from the north and south, while the middle section displays tension forces. This geodynamic regime causes the water to flow toward the Nile Valley in the Southwestern of the study regions, whereas water flows outside the Nile Valley in the northeastern part.

Geophysical surveys were conducted in the Lahun area (Fayoum, Egypt). The Lahun area is known to have been the royal necropolis during the period of Senusret II (1897–1878 BC), where he built his pyramid. Integrated magnetic and gravity measurements were applied to investigate five locations in the area. The gravity survey was implemented in the areas where chambers, shafts, or cavity-like structures are expected, and magnetic survey was applied in the areas where mudbrick structures are expected. The magnetic survey was conducted using a Geoscan fluxgate gradiometer, whereas the gravity survey was conducted using a Scintrex CG-5 gravimeter. The geophysical survey successfully revealed anomalies that could be part of the trench between the Queen’s Pyramid and the Senusret II Pyramid, several pits in the eastern and southern sides of Senusret II Pyramid, two chambers that could be royal tombs, and the remains of three large mudbrick structures that could be ancient warehouses.

We report on the detection in southern Egypt of an impact crater 45 meters in diameter with a pristine rayed structure. Such pristine structures are typically observed on atmosphereless rocky or icy planetary bodies in the solar system. This feature and the association with an iron meteorite impactor and shock metamorphism provides a unique picture of small-scale hypervelocity impacts on Earth's crust. Contrary to current geophysical models, ground data indicate that iron meteorites with masses of the order of tens of tons can penetrate the atmosphere without substantial fragmentation.

This paper investigates the unique pharyngeal consonant phoneme of Classical Arabic (Language of Quraan) not the colloquial one, from point of view of the International Phonetic Association (IPA). These kinds of sound or phoneme are two in the Classical Arabic which has been classified into voiced and voiceless. The aim of our paper is to shed light on their other closer phonemes which they are called \"emphatics\" that use the wall of the pharynx as secondary in their production, hence the name of \"pharyngeal\" implemented, their voiceness, and their place and manner of articulation which are still debatable to the Arabic phoneticians.

Abiotic stresses, such as heavy metals (HMs), drought, salinity and water logging, are the foremost limiting factors that adversely affect the plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. The plants respond to such stresses by activating a series of intricate mechanisms that subsequently alter the morpho-physiological and biochemical processes. Over the past few decades, abiotic stresses in plants have been managed through marker-assisted breeding, conventional breeding, and genetic engineering approaches. With technological advancement, efficient strategies are required to cope with the harmful effects of abiotic environmental constraints to develop sustainable agriculture systems of crop production. Recently, nanotechnology has emerged as an attractive area of study with potential applications in the agricultural science, including mitigating the impacts of climate change, increasing nutrient utilization efficiency and abiotic stress management. Nanoparticles (NPs), as nanofertilizers, have gained significant attention due to their high surface area to volume ratio, eco-friendly nature, low cost, unique physicochemical properties, and improved plant productivity. Several studies have revealed the potential role of NPs in abiotic stress management. This review aims to emphasize the role of NPs in managing abiotic stresses and growth promotion to develop a cost-effective and environment friendly strategy for the future agricultural sustainability.

Phytohormones mediate physiological, morphological, and enzymatic responses and are important regulators of plant growth and development at different stages. Even though temperature is one of the most important abiotic stressors for plant development and production, a spike in the temperature may have disastrous repercussions for crop performance. Physiology and growth of two tomato genotypes ('Ahmar' and 'Roma') were studied in two growth chambers (25 and 45 °C) when gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) was applied exogenously. After the 45 days of planting, tomato plants were sprayed with GA 3 at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L −1 , whereas untreated plants were kept as control. Under both temperature conditions, shoot and root biomass was greatest in 'Roma' plants receiving 75 mg L −1 GA 3 , followed by 50 mg L −1 GA 3 . Maximum CO 2 index, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and greenness index were recorded in 'Roma' plants cultivated at 25 °C, demonstrating good effects of GA 3 on tomato physiology. Likewise, GA 3 enhanced the proline, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in the leaves of both genotypes at both temperatures. Foliar-sprayed GA 3 up to 100 mg L −1 alleviated the oxidative stress, as inferred from the lower concentrations of MDA and H 2 O 2, and boosted the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase. The difference between control and GA 3 -treated heat-stressed plants suggests that GA 3 may have a function in mitigating heat stress. Overall, our findings indicate that 75 mg L −1 of GA 3 is the optimal dosage to reduce heat stress in tomatoes and improve their morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics.

To increase the limited commercial utility and lessen the negative environmental effects of the massive growth of brown macroalgae, this work illustrates the feasibility of valorizing the invasively proliferated Sargassum latifolium into different value‐added products. The proximate analysis recommends its applicability as a solid biofuel with a sufficient calorific value (14.82 ± 0.5 MJ/kg). It contains 6.00 ± 0.07% N + P 2 O 5  + K 2 O and 29.61 ± 0.05% organic C. Its nutritional analysis proved notable carbohydrate, ash, protein, and fiber contents with a rational amount of lipid and a considerable amount of beneficial macronutrients and micronutrients, with a low concentration of undesirable heavy metals. That recommends its application in the organic fertilizer, food, medicine, and animal fodder industries. A proposed eco‐friendly sequential integrated process valorized its biomass into 77.6 ± 0.5 mg/g chlorophyll, 180 ± 0.5 mg/g carotenoids, 5.86 ± 0.5 mg/g fucoxanthin, 0.93 ± 0.5 mg/g β ‐carotene, 21.97 ± 0.5% (w/w) alginate, and 16.40 ± 0.5% (w/w) cellulose, with different industrial and bioprocess applications. Furthermore, Aspergillus galapagensis SBWF1, Mucor hiemalis SBWF2, and Penicillium oxalicum SBWF3 (GenBank accession numbers OR636487, OR636488, and OR636489) have been isolated from its fresh biomass. Those showed wide versatility for hydrolyzing and saccharifying its polysaccharides. A Gram‐negative Stutzerimonas stutzeri SBB1(GenBank accession number OR764547) has also been isolated with good capabilities to ferment the produced pentoses, hexoses, and mannitol from the fungal saccharification, yielding 0.25 ± 0.014, 0.26 ± 0.018, and 0.37 ± 0.020 g ethanol/g algal biomass, respectively. Furthermore, in a pioneering step for valuing the suggested sequential biomass hydrolysis and bioethanol fermentation processes, the spent waste S. latifolium disposed of from the saccharification process has been valorized into C‐dots with potent biocidal activity against pathogenic microorganisms.

Effective treatment of skin wounds remains a clinical challenge owing to factors such as microbial infections, impaired fibroblast activity, disrupted angiogenesis, and collagen remodeling. In this study, we developed and evaluated novel curcumin–cyclodextrin hybrid nanoparticles (Cur/CD-HNPs) as a multifunctional platform for enhanced wound healing. Nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared via nanoprecipitation. Physicochemical and structural properties were systematically characterized by determining the encapsulation efficiency (EE), particle size, zeta potential, X-XRD, FTIR, SEM, in vitro release, and stability studies. The optimized Cur/CD-HNPs demonstrated a uniform particle size of 150.5 ± 2.8 nm, a surface charge of − 18.5 ± 0.59 mV, a PDI of 0.20 ± 0.03, and a high EE (90.2 ± 2.35%). Cur/CD-HNPs exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects (97.93 ± 1.24% inhibition of protein denaturation), full antioxidant activity (100% ABTS radical scavenging, IC50 = 12.85 µg/mL), and broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy. Cur/CD-HNPs exhibited a sustained biphasic release profile, with ~ 82% of Cur released over 24 h, supporting sustained delivery for wound healing applications. In vitro scratch assays revealed enhanced fibroblast proliferation and migration. For in vivo evaluation, the nanoparticles were incorporated into a hydrogel base and applied topically in a rat burn wound model, resulting in significantly accelerated wound closure ( P  < 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed improved epithelialization, collagen deposition, and tissue regeneration compared with the control groups. Our findings presented Cur/CD-HNPs as a promising therapeutic approach, offering Cur enhanced bioactivity, stability, and regenerative potential. This formulation addresses the key limitations of curcumin and presents a multifunctional and strong translational platform for clinical wound care. Graphical Abstract