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More than 4000 graffiti are scattered throughout the Theban necropolis. Among them, around 2500 graffiti can be dated to Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty-First Dynasties. These New Kingdom graffiti were made by members of the community of workmen from Deir el-Medina. Only a small group of no more than 120 graffiti consist of depictions of deities and veneration scenes. The interpretation of graffiti with depictions of Amun-Re on rock surfaces in the Valley of the Kings reveals valuable information regarding their locations. This study thus attempts to identify particular locations in the valley where the workmen of Deir el-Medina venerated Amun-Re in different forms. These spots may have been considered to be of religious significance to the workmen of Deir el-Medina. تشتمل الواجهات الصخرة لجبل طيبة الغري - حيث جبانة طيبة - على أكثر من 4000 مخربشة (جرافتى). منها حوالي 2500 مخربشة تركها عمال دير المدينة وترجع لعصر الأسرات التاسعة عشرة والعشرون والحادية والعشرون. من بين هذا العدد الكبير من المخربشات توجد مجموعة صغيرة لا تزيد عن 120 مخربشة لها مدلول ديني إذ تشمل صور معبودات ومناظر تعبد. تؤدي دراسة المخربشات التي تصور آمون رع على الواجهات الصخرية بوادي الملوك إلى فهم أعمق لأماكن وجودها والهدف منها. ولذا تقوم هذه المقالة على دراسة مجموعة المخربشات التي تصور المعبود آمون رع بأشكاله المختلفة في الوادي لفهم الهدف منها والعلاقة المكانية والزمانية بينها والوقوف على أهميتها الدينية لعمال دير المدينة.

Graffiti have the power to transform a space within a given landscape into a meaningful place. This study undertakes an in-depth analysis of more than 4000 graffiti created by the workmen of Deir el-Medina in the Theban Mountain during the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1050 BCE), with a particular emphasis on the Valley of the Kings. Additionally, the research contributes to the existing documentation by publishing graffiti numbers 1406–1526, identified as ‘Carter Graffiti’ in the Valley of the Kings. Significantly, these graffiti have not been previously published, addressing a notable gap in scholarly knowledge. Acknowledging that the documentation of unpublished graffiti surveyed by Howard Carter from 1915 to 1918 served primarily an exploratory and documentary purpose, this study seizes the opportunity for extensive, on-site examination and analysis. The principal objective is to elucidate the evolution of graffiti-making practices and the multifaceted roles of these informal inscriptions, particularly within the Deir el-Medina community context. To achieve this aim, the research employs three case studies, undertaking the following endeavours: to employ spatial analysis related theories, including post-phenomenology, to understand the influence of the landscape on the making of graffiti. This includes investigating the spatial and environmental factors that influenced the selection of locations of graffiti and patterns of their making; to apply place-making and place-marking related theories to understand how graffiti transformed spaces into meaningful places; to employ the social network analysis theory as a lens to understand the influence of social relations among graffiti writers on the graffiti-making process. This approach aims to unravel the intricate dynamics and impact of social networks on the making of graffiti within the historical and spatial context of the Valley of the Kings; to examine and analyse the content and context of the graffiti created by the Deir el-Medina community within the Valley of the Kings. This investigation considers the diachronic (historical evolution over time), diatopic (spatial distribution), and socio-stratigraphic (social layers) dimensions. This includes the examination of the characteristics of particular graffiti, such as self-presentation, updated self-presentations in graffiti, and their role in social dynamics and the appropriation of the landscape. The analysis of content also involves investigation of patterns and motivations behind selecting specific locations and the potential influence of earlier graffiti on later creations. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how the ancient Egyptians employed graffiti as a medium for engaging in discourse not only with their immediate surroundings and landscape but also with their contemporaries and, possibly, posterity. It endeavours to illuminate the diverse functions and significances of graffiti in the lives of the Deir el-Medina community members and beyond.

Among different control approaches, the nonlinear energy sink has been proposed as an effective strategy for passive flutter control toward expanding the flight envelope of aircraft. We validate and introduce the capability for coupling the NES within OpenFOAM to simulate and evaluate its usability in controlling transonic flutter. Particular attention is paid to the extent to which variations in the parameters of the sink impact regions of complete and partial suppression. The results show that in the region of complete suppression the nonlinear energy sink may cause the wing to assume a new equilibrium position, in terms of mean value of the oscillations. In the region of partial suppression, the response is dependent on the initial conditions that may lead to multiple pitch and plunge frequencies or potentially a chaotic response.

Schizomyia buboniae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induces berry-like galls on the stems of Deverra tortuosa (Desf.) DC. It is also known as “Shabat El-Gabal” and is one of the most important aromatic medicinal plants in Egypt. Many researchers have reported the relationship between galling insects and plant secondary metabolites, but this relationship is not quantitative. This study investigated the impact of S. buboniae -induced galls on physiological traits, phytochemical profiles, antioxidant capacity, and antinutrient levels in D. tortuosa stems. Our results reported that photosynthetic pigment levels, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids significantly decreased in galled stems by 63%, 14%, 44%, and 53%, respectively ( p  < 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme activities such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly increased in galled stems by 173%, 88%, 125% and 25%, respectively, indicating elevated oxidative stress response. The analysis of phytochemical compositions revealed that the galled stems of D. tortuosa contained significantly higher levels of total flavonoids, flavonols, saponins, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and total phenolic compounds compared to non-galled stems, suggesting enhanced production of secondary metabolites. Additionally, galled stems exhibited higher levels of phytates, oxalates, and cyanogenic glycosides than non-galled stems. Proximate contents, including lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, were also elevated in galled stems. Furthermore, galled stems exhibited significantly ( p  < 0.05) stronger antioxidant activity than non-galled stems. S. buboniae appears to modify the phenotype of D. tortuosa , inducing tissue differentiation and activating defense-related responses. These results reveal that gall composition alters key physiological and biochemical traits in D. tortuosa , possibly as a defense response or as a result of insect interference. The study provides novel insights into the complex plant-insect interaction and highlights the potential implications for the plant medicinal value and suggests that gall-induced tissues of D. tortuosa may be valuable sources of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical applications.

The olive oil industry produces large volumes of by-products which, if not properly managed, can negatively impact water resources, aquatic ecosystems, soil quality, and the atmosphere. The extraction process generates several by-products that have previously been regarded as waste. Utilizing these residues as alternative feed ingredients aligns with the principles of a circular economy, making the agri-food system more sustainable, conserving natural resources, and reducing the environmental footprint of livestock production. Therefore, the proper use of industrial by-products is of great importance and requires continuous attention. Olive pomace, a major by-product of olive oil extraction, can be used in animal feed as an inexpensive yet nutritious residue. It consists mainly of pasty pulp, kernel, skin, and vegetation water. Once dried, it becomes a stable by-product suitable for feed use. Olive by-products can be incorporated into animal diets in several forms, such as fresh, ensiled, or dried material, or as components of concentrate pellets and multi-nutrient feed blocks. Among these, dried olive pomace is considered one of the most practical and stable options. Olive pomace, as a by-product of the olive oil industry, is rich in phenolic compounds and beneficial fatty acids that play significant roles in animal health and productivity. Hence, it is crucial to evaluate its potential as a feed ingredient; however, current understanding of its specific effects on livestock production remains limited. This review focuses on the influence of olive pomace inclusion in animal diets on milk production, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, feed efficiency, and overall health status. In general, dietary olive pomace has shown satisfactory results, serving as a low-cost nutrient source that can enhance both the productivity and the quality of animal-derived products.

Background Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a massive global socio-economic tragedy that has impacted the ecosystem. This paper aims to contextualize urban and rural environmental situations during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region. Results An online survey was conducted, 6770 participants were included in the final analysis, and 64% were females. The majority of the participants were urban citizens (74%). Over 50% of the urban residents significantly ( p  < 0.001) reported a reduction in noise, gathering in tourist areas, and gathering in malls and restaurants. Concerning the pollutants, most urban and rural areas have reported an increase in masks thrown in streets (69.49% vs. 73.22%, resp.; p  = 0.003). Plastic bags and hospital waste also increased significantly with the same p -value of < 0.001 in urban areas compared with rural ones. The multifactorial logistic model for urban resident predictors achieved acceptable discrimination (AUROC = 0.633) according to age, crowdedness, noise and few pollutants. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic had a beneficial impact on the environment and at the same time, various challenges regarding plastic and medical wastes are rising which requires environmental interventions.

The cost of bifacial monocrystalline silicon passivated emitter and rear contact solar cells at the module level can be decreased by optimizing the wafer size. This research work has studied electrical and optical loss analysis for 180–90 µm wafer sizes. The solution of thinned 90 µm PERC solar cells to the module level, its performance, and comparison to the reference (180 µm) and undesigned (90 µm) PERC cells have been addressed through SunSolve simulations. A 72-cell bifacial c-Si PERC solar module was simulated with an optimized wafer thickness of 90 µm. The cell performance at a longer wavelength was improved by depositing Al 2 O 3 /SiN x /SiO x films on the rear of PERC solar cells. SiO x , SiN x , SiN y , and SiO 2 films were deposited on the front side of the PERC solar cell to improve light absorption at shorter wavelengths. The present simulation design with optimized performance led to an average increase of open circuit voltage of 24.7 mV from 699.3 mV to 724 mV, an average increase of fill factor of 0.89% from 79.06% to 79.95%, and an average increase of packing conversion efficiency of 0.96% from 21.78% to 22.74%, as compared to the designed (90 µm) and reference (180 µm) cells. The simulation results showed that the designed cell absolute efficiency has improved compared to the reference cell. The optimized PERC solar cell and its parameters simulated a 72-cell bifacial solar module. The module showed average values of 51.75 V, 9.181 A, 384.3 W, 80.9% and 19.72% for V oc , I sc , P mp , FF and efficiency. The bifaciality factor of the present module was 78.4% under standard test conditions (STC).

Historically, qualitative research has complemented quantitative biologic and epidemiologic studies to provide a more complete understanding of pandemics. The COVID-19 pandemic has generated unique and novel challenges for qualitative researchers, who have embraced creative solutions including virtual focus groups and rapid analyses to continue their work. We present our experience conducting a multilingual global qualitative study of healthcare resilience among teams of pediatric oncology professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. We provide an in-depth description of our methodology and an analysis of factors we believe contributed to our study’s success including our use of technology, engagement of a large multilingual team, global partnerships, and framework-based rapid analysis. We hope these techniques may be useful to qualitative researchers conducting studies during the current pandemic, as well as for all pediatric oncology studies including multiple languages or geographically disparate subjects.