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This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous Aloe vera on susceptibility to root fracture resistance (RFR) in human teeth subjected to endodontic preparation, and compare it with chemical irrigants (sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and SmearOFF). A total of 40 human maxillary first molars that were extracted and had a straight palatal root. These roots were distributed randomly based on the irrigation regimes (n=8): G1: Distilled water; G2: 3% NaOCl; G3: 3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA; G4: Smearoff; and G5: 90% Aloe vera, and then endodontically prepared using the ProTaper Next rotary system. The samples were placed within acrylic molds using periodontal simulation and exposed to compressive forces at a rate of 0.5 mm/min until fracture was noted. The specimens undergo axial forces on a universal testing machine during mechanical compression testing. The force necessary for fracture was measured and recorded in Newton (N). The results showed that the mean fracture resistance of Aloe vera group was the highest while NaOCl group was the lowest. It can be concluded that, the fracture resistance was significantly different in various irrigation protocols.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the treatment quality factors associated with the risk of radiographic detection of apical periodontitis (AP) in root-filled teeth (RFT) on CBCT images.Methods: Two hundred eighty-five CBCT scans of patients (range 18-60, mean 35.1) years old were selected from a pool of CBCT scans which were taken from 2016-2022. Gender and age were recorded. The presence/absence of AP, unfilled canal, perforation, zipping and ledge and homogenous/nonhomogeneous root canal filling (RCF), adequate/inadequate coronal restoration and under/over filled RCF and those within 0-2 mm from the radiographic apex were recorded for RFTs. Kappa was used to assess intra-consensus reliability. Chi-square and Binary logistic regression were used to assess and predict risk factors related to the detection of AP. A significant difference was set at p0.05), respectively. Significantly higher AP prevalence was present in RFT with unfilled canal, perforations, non-homogenous and underfilled RCF (p

This study aimed to compare the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% NaOCl combined with chitosan or propolis nanoparticles at different concentrations. Nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The nanoparticles were divided into different concentrations (0.625, 1, and 3 mg/mL chitosan and 4, 5, and 5.5 mg/mL propolis) and combined with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Antibacterial activity was tested using agar well diffusion assay with Enterococcus faecalis biofilm generated on cellulose nitrate membrane filters after overnight incubation at 37 °C. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post hoc test was used to evaluate reduction in CFUs among all groups, and P  < 0.05 was set as the reference for statistically significant results. Cytotoxicity was measured after 24 h by MTT assay 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, and genotoxicity was tested by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) to measure DNA damage. The combination of chitosan or propolis nanoparticles of different concentrations with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite showed high antibacterial activity ( P  < 0.01). Cytotoxicity was improved when 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was mixed with 1 and 3 mg of chitosan nanoparticles or 4, 5, and 5.5 mg of propolis nanoparticles, and the difference was highly significant( P  < 0.01). The addition of nanoparticles improves the antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect of NaOCl. This new irrigant can be used in endodontic treatment given its safety and effectiveness against E. faecalis .

The success of root canal treatment is dependent on canal debridement, disinfection and impervious obturation of the root canal system. The material most commonly used for root canal obturation is the trans-isomer of isoprene, known as gutta-percha. Limitations of gutta-percha as a root canal obturation material include lack of flexibility and potential for degradation caused by eugenol or other components of root canal sealers and restorative materials. A detailed study on the development, characterisation and in vitro evaluation of a composite, tailor-made to function as a root canal obturation material as well as serve as a “carrier” for delivering a root canal obturation material was undertaken. Polymer composites comprising of low density polyethylene (LDPE), hydroxyapatite (HA) or 45S5 Bioglass® (BAG) and strontium oxide (SrO) were developed via extrusion using a single screw extruder and drawn into the desired shape using appropriate ‘dies’ and optimised based on their physical and mechanical properties. The polyethylene in the composite showed no evidence of degradation post extrusion as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, the thermal analysis showed that the HA/PE composites had melting point of 110.5-111.2°C, much higher than that of gutta-percha (52°C). The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the silanated HA/PE composites were significantly higher than those of gutta-percha (p<0.0001) under dry conditions and after storage in simulated body fluid. Furthermore, the interaction of eugenol did not produce any change in the experimental HA/PE composites whereas gutta-percha showed a significant increase in the weight. The radiological contrast of the silanated HA/PE fibres was adequate to allow their use as a root canal obturation material. Bioglass® reinforced low density polyethylene with SrO composites are promising obturation materials for endodontic treatment. They exhibited superior stiffness in comparison to gutta-percha with excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. An enhanced proliferation of human osteoblast cells was also observed.