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Disodium succinate hexahydrate (Na 2 C 4 H 4 O 4 .6H 2 O) (DSSH) (β phase), an optically active third-order nonlinear single crystal encompassing self-focusing nature, has been harvested by the solvent evaporation technique at ambient temperature. Single-crystal XRD study authenticates DSSH (β phase) has centrosymmetric monoclinic crystal structure. To measure the optical transmittance, the sample of around 1 mm thickness has been exploited in the wavelength region between 200 and 900 nm and the cutoff wavelength substantiated as 296 nm. The optical transparency of the sample in the visible region is quite excellent and the theoretical calculation of optical constant, for instance reflectance, refractive index, electrical, optical conductivities, and electrical susceptibility, was computed. Moreover, the single-crystal quality, purity, and structural defect were corroborated using Urbach energy. The refractive index value is lower compared to the KDP crystal and the harvested crystal is most suited for solar thermal device applications. The optical conductivity for lower photon energies is seem to be minimum; on the other hand, it increases with increasing photon energies, conversely, the electrical conductivity decreases with a rise in photon energy. The activation energy is intended to be 0.0259 eV for frequency 2 M Hz and the lower value of activation energy divulges that the crystal retains lesser defects. In addition, AC and DC conductivity were measured at various temperatures using dielectric study data at different frequencies, and the results were deliberated in detail. The variation of the power law exponent ‘s’ with temperature discloses that the AC conductivity is controlled by the Correlated Barrier Hopping (CBH) conduction mechanism. Photoacoustic analysis is employed to determine the thermal diffusivity and the value for disodium succinate hexahydrate is 0.2 times higher than KDP and formulates that the grown crystal to be a noteworthy candidate for nonlinear optical applications.

Aim To determine the frequency and characteristics of Dense Bone Islands (DBIs) in a paediatric population residing in Chandigarh, India. Methodology A total of 3614 orthopantomographs (OPG) of children between the age group of 6–18 years were collected from the database of patients who underwent panoramic radiography for routine dental treatment during the period of 2018–2020. The shape, location of the lesion, and relationship of the Dense Bone Island with the tooth were identified. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test with Yate’s correction. p  < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results DBIs were identified in 165 OPGs resulting in a prevalence of 4.56% out of which 92.1% were in the mandible and only 7.9% in the maxilla ( p  < 0.001). Most were of those aged between 13 and 18 years. More than half of the lesions had apical (32%) relationship with the tooth and only 14% were identified separately. Most of the DBIs were round or oval shaped (75.8%) and the rest were irregularly shaped ( p  < 0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of DBIs was lower in the younger children and diagnosis is often incidental during routine radiological examination. They do not seem to elicit any signs with clinical significance, but regular follow up is necessary to differentiate these from other benign or malignant osteoblastic entities.

This work aims to prepare TiO 2 /Sn 2 S 3 quantum dots by simple hydrothermal method. The Sn compound present in the quantum dots were varied in the molar ratio of 0.25 M, 0.50 M and 0.75 M. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was performed using their pristine counterparts. Analysis such as XRD, UV–Visible analysis, FTIR, photoluminescence, HR-SEM, EDAX, HR-TEM, SAED and photocatalytic analysis were performed to identify the various morphology and characteristics of the samples. TiO 2 /Sn 2 S 3 quantum dots possessed tetragonal (anatase) and orthorhombic crystal structure. Crystal violet dye was used to determine the degradation capability of the samples. TiO 2 /Sn 2 S 3 quantum dots with a molar ratio of 0.25 Sn showed a good photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 75.93% for 60 min.

Zinc stannate has attracted substantial interest owing to its unique properties making it a suitable ternary oxide for numerous applications. One of the most promising ternary semiconducting oxides, zinc stannate (Zn 2 SnO 4 ) is more stable than binary semiconducting oxides such as ZnO and SnO 2 because of its attractive physical properties and very high electrical conductivity. Nanoparticles of pure and doped Zn 2 SnO 4 were synthesized via facile hydrothermal technique. Characterization methods such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, UV and VSM were carried out to study the behaviour of zinc stannate. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the phase purity and high crystalline nature of the synthesized sample. Scanning electron micrography illustrated its spherical morphology. The increment of bandgap was observed for the doped zinc stannate. The presence of functional groups was confirmed using FTIR spectrum. The magnetic property of the material was analysed using vibrational sample magnetometer and found to exhibit diamagnetic behaviour for pure zinc stannate and weak ferromagnetic property for Co- and Fe-doped Zn 2 SnO 4 . The attained results depict the excellent and exceptional structural, optical and magnetic properties which establish the use of Zn 2 SnO 4 nanoparticles in a wide range of applications especially in the field of optoelectronic devices and spintronics.

Incorporation of dye in crystals is fascinating to the researchers for application in the field of solid state lasers. The host material is doped with an organic dye namely crystal violet (CV) dye is grown from slow evaporation technique. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine its cell parameters and it belongs to orthorhombic system. UV-vis-NIR study evince that the increased transmittance for doped crystal has an effect of doping. Microhardness studies were carried out and various mechanical properties such as fracture toughness, brittleness index and elastic stiffness constant were calculated. SHG efficiency for doped crystal is higher than pure crystal. The Photoacoustic study reveals the thermal diffusivity of the doped crystal is 2.47 times higher than KDP. Both pure and doped crystal exhibits negative photoconductivity. Z-scan analysis shows the real, imaginary and third order susceptibility of doped crystal is superior to pure crystal and makes it as a potential material for nonlinear device applications. The optical, mechanical, second harmonic generation (SHG), photoacoustic and third harmonic generation (THG) properties of CV dye doped crystals has been enhanced due to the incorporation of dye.

Dilithium Succinate (DLiS), a third order non-linear optical single crystal was grown efficaciously by adopting slow evaporation technique (SEST) at 303 K. DLiS crystal crystallizes into rhombohedral system with unit cell parameters a = 12.05 Å, b = 12.05 Å, c = 10.65 Å with V = 1339 Å3. ICP-OES analysis ratifies the presence of alkali metal lithium in the synthesized material. In order to evaluate the mechanical nature of the crystal Vicker’s microhardness study was carried out and diverse universalistic hardness parameters like fracture toughness (Kc), brittleness index (Bi), yield strength (σv) and stiffness constant (C11) are calculated. Reverse indentation size effect (RISE) was demonstrated using Hays-Kendall approach (HK) and proportion resistance model (PSR). TG–DSC studies depicts the thermal stability and disintegration of the grown crystal. Photoacoustic study reveals the thermal effusivity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity for the grown crystal and their results are compared. The grown crystal exhibits negative photoconductivity. The result found from Z-scan technique bestow the grown crystal is a versed material for photonic device applications. The laser damage threshold (LDT) value of the grown crystal is higher than KDP and urea.

Pure and CV dye subsumpted sodium acid phthalate single crystals were grown using slow evaporation method by utilizing double distilled water as a solvent and synthesized at 308 K and the harvested crystals subjected to diverse characterization studies to know its physico-chemical properties. The cell parameters and space group is substantiate using SXRD analysis. ICP-OES analysis depicts the presence of sodium in the host material. Using photoacoustic study the thermal diffusivity of the pure crystal is found to be 1.88 and CV doped crystal is 3.40 times higher than the standard KDP crystal. Vickers microhardness study reveals the mechanical strength of the grown crystal and dye inclusion results in enhancement in work hardening coefficient ‘n’, brittleness index ‘Bi’, fracture toughness ‘Kc’ and stiffness constant ‘C11’. Both pure and doped crystals exhibit positive photoconductivity. SHG efficiency of doped crystal is 2.01 times higher than KDP and and 0.45 times higher than pure crystal. The real, imaginary and third order susceptibility of doped crystal is prominent than pure which is determined by using Z-scan analysis.

Single crystals of thiosemicarbazide cadmium chloride monohydrate (TSCCCM) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST) by utilizing double distilled water as a solvent. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis reveals the cell parameters and space group of the grown crystal. FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were used to assert the presence of various functional groups present in the host material. UV study exhibits high transparency range of TSCCCM crystal and the corresponding optical bandgap is found to be 4.19 eV. The grown crystal exhibits negative photoconductivity. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was investigated using Vickers microhardness test. The melting point of the grown crystal is determined using thermal analysis. Dielectric studies have been carried out as function of frequency at diverse temperatures. Chemical etching studies were carried out on the grown crystal by using water as an etchant. Second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency was found to be 13 times higher than that of KDP. The real, imaginary and third order nonlinear susceptibility of the grown crystal is determined using Z-scan analysis.

Background The aim of this study was to perform a survey on the surgical management of obstructed defecation (OD) across advocated selected coloproctological experts across Europe. Methods Surgeons from 42 centers of coloproctology in Europe were asked to complete a questionnaire, including seven questions about their past and present operative treatment strategy for patients with OD. Results The questionnaire was completed by 32 experts of pelvic floor surgery in 13 European countries. All but one indicated that they consider surgical treatment for OD. Seventy-four percent of these have been using transanal stapled rectal resection (STARR) and 96 % transabdominal rectopexy. While only 65 %, who have begun performing STARR are still using transanal resection, the technique is still being used by all surgeons performing abdominal procedures. Rectopexy only, STARR only, or both approaches are offered by 52, 3, and 45 % of surgeons, respectively. Conclusions The use of STARR in the treatment of OD is decreasing among European opinion leaders in the field of pelvic floor surgery, while the application of transabdominal procedures continues.

Natural fibers utilization for various applications is in increasing trend owing to its eco friendliness and ease availability. In this work the effect of kenaf fibers as key ingredient is studied for brake pad applications. The Consequences of kenaf fiber as reinforcement is studied for physical and mechanical properties. Kenaf fibers have been added in 3 different weight percentages from 0 wt% to 15 wt%. The developed composites were evaluated as per industrial standards. Properties such as density, ash content,hardness,water absorption and compressibility have been studied in this work. The brake pad samples were prepared and subjected for testing for various physical and mechanical properties. All the tests have been carried out by standard industrial procedure. Based on the results it can be clinched that the properties of hardness, density and content of ash density, decreased to certain extent and other properties such as compressibility, porosity and water absorption capacity increased with fiber loading of kenaf fiber. It can be concluded that the fiber loading has impact on the performance of fibers.