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Solid waste management has emerged as a significant challenge for policymakers worldwide, particularly in urban areas with high waste generation rates. The traditional method of disposing of solid waste in landfills is no longer sustainable, and it poses several environmental, social, and economic challenges. To address this issue, waste-to-energy technologies have emerged as a viable alternative that can convert waste into usable energy, and resources and shrink the extent of waste sent to landfills. This review will explore recent advancements in waste-to-energy technologies, i.e. Pyrolysis, gasification, and incineration. It will examine the benefits and drawbacks of each technology, as well as their potential for scaling up in various contexts. The paper will also discuss the importance of incorporating the principles of circular economy in solid waste management, including resource recovery and recycling. It will draw on case studies from around the world to illustrate how waste-to-energy technologies have been successfully implemented and how they can contribute to sustainable development goals. The review aims to provide an overview in the form of a comparative analysis and SWOT analysis of the current state of waste-to-energy technologies and their potential for resource recovery, energy generation, and sustainable waste management. Furthermore, this review aims to guide researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals in using WTE technologies to address the challenges of solid waste management, fostering a cleaner and more efficient future in the use of resources.

Thermal management in heat exchangers is crucial in many industrial, medical, and scientific applications. However, reducing dependency on active energy sources still represents a substantial challenge. In this context, phase change materials (PCMs) offer an effective solution due to their ability to store and release large amounts of latent heat, assisting in passive thermal management. Therefore, this study proposes the use of RT42 PCM inside a box-type shell-and-tube configuration to establish the relationship between flow rate and charging and discharging behavior of PCM. In the proposed system, heat transferring fluid (HTF) water is circulated in the internal tubes at 60 °C, where the temperature is monitored by a series of thermocouples strategically placed inside the box-type configuration. To evaluate the effect of the flow of HTF on the thermal behavior of the PCM, the charging (melting) and discharging (solidification) analysis is performed by varying the water flow rate at three levels: 1.2, 0.8, and 0.4 L/min inside the laminar region (Re < 2300). A thermal camera and two webcams were used to assess the surface temperature distribution and PCM response, respectively. It was determined that increasing the flow rate accelerates charging and discharging with fluctuations in temperature curves during melting.

The significant energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions by the construction sector need careful attention to explore innovative sustainable solutions for improving the energy efficiency and thermal comfort of building envelopes. The integration of phase-change materials (PCMs) into building commodities is a favorable technology for minimizing energy consumption and enhancing thermal performance. This review paper covers the impact of PCM incorporation into construction materials, such as walls, roofs, and glazing units. Additionally, it examines different embedding techniques like direct incorporation, immersion, macro and micro-encapsulation, and form and shape-stable PCM. Factors affecting the thermal performance of PCM-integrated buildings, including melting temperature, thickness, position, volumetric change, vapor pressure, density, optical properties, latent heat, thermal conductivity, chemical stability, and climate conditions, are elaborated. Furthermore, the latest experimental and numerical simulations, as well as modeling techniques, evident from case studies, are investigated. Ultimately, the advantages of PCM integration, including energy savings, peak load reduction, improvement in interior comfort, and reduced heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning dependence, are explained alongside the limitations. Finally, the recent progress and future potential of PCM-integrated construction materials are discussed, focusing on innovations in this field, addressing the status of policies in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and outlining research potential for the future.

The growing application of radioactive materials in various industries, such as nuclear power, oil and gas, and research labs, has led to an increase in the amount of radioactive material present in waste liquids. This poses a risk to both the environment and human health through exposure to radiation. Current methods for treating these types of waste liquids, aside from membrane technology, are not economically feasible. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate ways to effectively treat liquid radioactive waste to comply with environmental regulations. Membrane technology is a cost-effective and energy-efficient method for treating radioactive waste. This review focuses on the utilization of membrane technology for the treatment of radioactive waste, discussing various collective membrane techniques, including nanofiltration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, membrane distillation, and reverse osmosis. The review also evaluates selective membrane separation techniques such as ion-exchange membranes, supported liquid membranes, and polymer inclusion membranes. Previous studies' findings are summarized, and potential areas for future development are highlighted.

Poisoning: The pressed specimens were poisoned with Mercuric chloride solution to keep away insect and fungal pests. The distribution of weeds besides resting upon ecological barriers, edaphic, physiographic and biotic factor also play an important role on the dissemination mechanism, structure, time of germination and viability of seeds. The people of the area should not ignore the importance of Family Apiaceae as member of the Family have different useful economic aspects, such as food value (Daucus carota, Coriandrum sativum etc), Medicinal value chiefly carminative (Carum copticum and Foeniculum vulgare etc.).

The Punjab, a province of West Pakistan lying in the sub-tropical latitudes, has a severe continental type of climate. It suffers from high natural aridity and extremes of temperatures. Excessive pressure of population on land in the recent past in the Punjab led to further desiccation, accelerated soil erosion and land degradation. At present various techniques are being followed to reclaim and rehabilitate the different categories of deteriorated soils. Cultural operations aiming at soil and water conservation are carried out to combat the menace of soil erosion. Badly ravined lands are levelled and terraced with heavy earth-moving machinery. Desert fringe belt receiving less than ten inches of annual rainfall is being restocked with drought-resistant woody and forage species. Some of the barren waste lands are being turned into irrigated forest plantations with canal water. The saline and alkali soils are being reclaimed by flooding and growing rice with large quantities of water. More research is needed to further refine and improve our present reclamation techniques and management practices for rehabilitation of degraded soils.

After introductory remarks the author describes water relations under eight heads—xerophyty and xeromorphy, water absorption, soil moisture, transpiration, root system, drought resistance, and water requirements and conservation. He appends a bibliography with twenty-eight items, mostly American, referring to work extending from 1919 to 1952.

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) reduce the negative effects of soil calcification on soil phosphorus (P) nutrition. In this incubation study, we explored the ability of PSB (control and inoculated) to release P from different P sources [single super phosphate (SSP), rock phosphate (RP), poultry manure (PM) and farm yard manure (FYM)] with various soil lime contents (4.78, 10, 15 and 20%) in alkaline soil. PSB inoculation progressively enriched Olsen extractable P from all sources compared to the control over the course of 56 days; however, this increase was greater from organic sources (PM and FYM) than from mineral P sources (SSP and RP). Lime addition to the soil decreased bioavailable P, but this effect was largely neutralized by PSB inoculation. PSB were the most viable in soil inoculated with PSB and amended with organic sources, while lime addition decreased PSB survival. Our findings imply that PSB inoculation can counteract the antagonistic effect of soil calcification on bioavailable P when it is applied using both mineral and organic sources, although organic sources support this process more efficiently than do mineral P sources. Therefore, PSB inoculation combined with organic manure application is one of the best options for improving soil P nutrition.

Smart grid (SG) vision has come to incorporate various communication technologies, which facilitate residential users to adopt different scheduling schemes in order to manage energy usage with reduced carbon emission. In this work, we have proposed a residential load management mechanism with the incorporation of energy resources (RESs) i.e., solar energy. For this purpose, a real-time electricity price (RTP), energy demand, user preferences and renewable energy parameters are taken as an inputs and genetic algorithm (GA) has been used to manage and schedule residential load with the objective of cost, user discomfort, and peak-to-average ratio (PAR) reduction. Initially, RTP is used to reduce the energy consumption cost. However, to minimize the cost along with reducing the peaks, a combined pricing model, i.e., RTP with inclining block rate (IBR) has been used which incorporates user preferences and RES to optimally schedule load demand. User comfort and cost reduction are contradictory objectives, and difficult to maximize, simultaneously. Considering this trade-off, a combined pricing scheme is modelled in such a way that users are given priority to achieve their objective as per their requirements. To validate and analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm, we first propose mathematical models of all utilized loads, and then multi-objective optimization problem has been formulated. Furthermore, analytical results regarding the objective function and the associated constraints have also been provided to validate simulation results. Simulation results demonstrate a significant reduction in the energy cost along with the achievement of both grid stability in terms of reduced peak and high comfort.

The dramatic rise in the number of people living in cities has made many environmental and social problems worse. The search for a productive method for disposing of solid waste is the most notable of these problems. Many scholars have referred to it as a fuzzy multi-attribute or multi-criteria decision-making problem using various fuzzy set-like approaches because of the inclusion of criteria and anticipated ambiguity. The goal of the current study is to use an innovative methodology to address the expected uncertainties in the problem of solid waste site selection. The characteristics (or sub-attributes) that decision-makers select and the degree of approximation they accept for various options can both be indicators of these uncertainties. To tackle these problems, a novel mathematical structure known as the fuzzy parameterized possibility single valued neutrosophic hypersoft expert set (-set), which is initially described, is integrated with a modified version of Sanchez’s method. Following this, an intelligent algorithm is suggested. The steps of the suggested algorithm are explained with an example that explains itself. The compatibility of solid waste management sites and systems is discussed, and rankings are established along with detailed justifications for their viability. This study’s strengths lie in its application of fuzzy parameterization and possibility grading to effectively handle the uncertainties embodied in the parameters’ nature and alternative approximations, respectively. It uses specific mathematical formulations to compute the fuzzy parameterized degrees and possibility grades that are missing from the prior literature. It is simpler for the decision-makers to look at each option separately because the decision is uncertain. Comparing the computed results, it is discovered that they are consistent and dependable because of their preferred properties.