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Background and Aims The human Rhinovirus, a positive‐sense, single‐stranded RNA virus within the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family, is the most prevalent viral pathogen in humans and the primary cause of the common cold (Verywell Health 2024). Virus‐host interactions, particularly receptor‐mediated adhesion, are pivotal in viral pathogenesis. Competitive inhibition and the use of anti‐adhesive agents have emerged as potential strategies to prevent viral docking. This study aims to explore the structural biology of rhinovirus receptors, specifically the canyon‐like depressions involved in host cell recognition, and investigate molecular approaches to minimize infection and reduce recovery time. Methods A comprehensive structural analysis of human Rhinovirus 14 was conducted, focusing on its unique surface depressions (canyons) surrounding the five‐fold axes. Literature was reviewed for monoclonal antibody interactions via hybridoma technology, as well as anti‐adhesive agents like alginic acid, gelatin, chitosan, and carboxymethyl cellulose. Molecular docking simulations were referenced to evaluate the potential of organic compounds to disrupt viral adhesion. Results The canyon regions on the viral capsid were confirmed as receptor‐binding sites that are structurally shielded from antibody access, allowing the virus to evade immune detection. Anti‐adhesive agents demonstrated theoretical efficacy in competitively inhibiting receptor‐ligand interactions at these sites. Monoclonal antibodies, while effective in certain contexts, showed limited access to conserved binding residues due to spatial constraints. Organic compounds with flexible conformational geometry showed potential in blocking receptor sites by steric hindrance. Conclusion The structural characteristics of human Rhinovirus 14 play a crucial role in immune evasion and receptor binding. While current treatments are limited by the virus's high mutation rate, anti‐adhesive strategies offer a promising avenue to inhibit early‐stage infection and reduce recovery time. Further experimental validation of these agents is necessary to develop effective antiviral therapeutics.

Background and Aims Cancer has grabbed the attention of scientists and medical professionals all over the world much more than any other disease. In the past few decades, the medical field has improved quite a lot but progress in the path to find a solution for cancer is very less. As the popularity of invasive technologies is diminishing in cancer treatment, scientists have come up withminimally invasive or non‐invasive alternatives, among which liquid biopsy, by far is the most suitable. Methods Liquid biopsy is used to analyse nucleic acids, subcellular components and circulating tumour cells in various biological fluids for diagnosis of cancer. It can also be used to know the efficacy of cancer drugs in a patient by analysing multiple samples. Outcomes Liquid biopsy is becoming standard of care as it allows biopsy of those samples in which solid tumour biopsies are not possible. The diversity of sampling procedures, such as collection of urine for urothelial carcinoma or bladder or prostate cancer and phlebotomy for other types of cancer, make liquid biopsy one of the best methods for diagnosis of cancer. Conclusion This review aims in discussing the several techniques used for the detection of cancer biomarkers and some clinical manifestations due to the changes in the biomarkers which are analysed by liquid biopsy. Liquid biopsy analyses the levels of biomarkers, which are of clinical significance present in bodily fluids like blood, serum, urine and saliva for diagnosis of cancer. The different biomarkers evaluated by liquid biopsy include cell‐free DNA, circulating tumour DNA, non‐coding RNA, proteins, exosomes and circulating tumour cells. The biomarkers are analysed using different sophisticated techniques such as microarray, next‐generation sequencing, microfluidics, karyotyping, advanced microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridisation. The biomarkers provide valuable information regarding the stage of cancer and also enlightens medical professionals about the most suitable therapy.

Background and Aims Cancer therapy is one of the most researched upon medical field in the world. Non invasive technologies such as liquid biopsy are gaining more importance in cancer therapy because of their manifold advantages over traditional invasive biopsy methods. Liquid biopsy is used to analyze nucleic acids such as ctDNA, cfDNA and RNA, cellular and subcellular components such as proteins, extracellular vesicles and circulating tumor cells in various biological fluids such as blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid and ascites fluid for diagnosis of cancer. Methods Liquid biopsy has a wide range of applications such as assessment of residual diseases and tumors which cannot be biopsied easily and prediction of CAR‐T response and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. It can also be used to know the efficacy of cancer drugs in a patient by analyzing multiple samples. Liquid biopsy is becoming more popular as it allows biopsy of those samples in which solid tumor biopsies are challenging or impracticable. Techniques and Results To achieve comprehensive insight on the status of cancer in a patient, various cutting edge liquid biopsy techniques have been developed. Microfluidics and photonic technologies, along with PCR, next generation sequencing, advanced and innovative molecular and cell biology approaches and imaging techniques have expanded the domain of liquid biopsy and elevated the accuracy of liquid biopsy results. Conclusion This review discusses about the contributions of some widely used methods along with microfluidics and photonic technologies in detection of cancer biomarkers by liquid biopsy.