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The present paper is an attempt in analyzing the bilateral relations of India with a small yet strategically important nation of Bhutan. Besides, an effort has also been made to delve into the significance and impact of this Indo-Bhutan association in south-Asian region.

Osteoporosis is a disease that threatens more than 61 million post menopausal women in India. It is a major public health problem in many parts of the world. Osteoporosis is a major public health problem, causing fractures of wrist, back and hip with high associated morbidity and mortality particular at risk are post menopausal women. A Quantitative research approach with “one group pretest and posttest design” was used in the study. 30 postmenopausal women were selected by convenient sampling technique from CHC Chaubepur. Structured Knowledge Questionnaire, were used for data collection. It indicates that 13.34 % of the postmenopausal women had below average knowledge and 86.66% has average knowledge before structured teaching program. After structured teaching program majority 46.66% postmenopausal women had reported average knowledge and remaining 53.34% postmenopausal women reported above average knowledge in post-test. The mean post-test knowledge score (18.6 SD 2.60) was significantly higher than mean pre-test knowledge score (12.2 SD 2.84). t= 9.2, p<0.05. There no significant association found between knowledge and demographic variable like are, age, educational qualification, monthly income but significant association found between knowledge and demographic variable, was number of children. It was concluded that structured teaching program was effective and improving the knowledge of postmenopausal women. Further studies can be done on the knowledge and postmenopausal women in rural area.

Cancer is one of the most leading diseases in the world that leads to death. Cancer started from the era of Hippocrates. Today researchers are trying their best to eradicate this dangerous disease. But still questions are remaining. What causes cancer? How we can prevent it? How can we cure cancer with minimum side effects? This article, shares some ideas regarding new preventive strategy that is chemoprevention. Before that it's better to go through a brief discussion regarding standard cancer prevention strategies.

Air pollution has been identified as a serious problem throughout the world which causes tremendous loss to the crops by affecting plant growth and yield. Earlier, air pollution was restricted to urban and industrial regions. Over the last few decades, however, it has become evident that pollutants can be transported over long distances and hence their impact may be felt widely over rural areas. The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of urban air pollution on suburban agriculture with respect to the changes in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water-use efficiency, plant height, numbers of tillers, leaves, ears and seeds, chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, phenol, ascorbic acid, nitrogen and sulphate-sulphur contents and seed weight of pot-grown wheat plants (Triticum aestivum var. HUW 468) kept at different sites around Varanasi city receiving varying levels of pollution load. Mean concentrations of SO2, NO2 and O3 were monitored. The study clearly showed that plants are negatively affected by the ambient levels of air pollutants. Reduction in various parameters directly corresponded with the air pollution levels at different sites.

Extracellular vesicles are shifting the paradigm in vaccine development by virtue of their diverse benefits as carriers of immunogens to targeted hosts. These nano-sized naturally occurring biomolecules offer safety, transmissibility across membranes, excellent presentation of antigens and robust immune responses when engineered as vaccine delivery vehicles. Given the remarkable potential of these nanoscale biological carriers, the scientific community has witnessed substantial escalation in research activity highlighting their applications in vaccines and drug delivery. However, the research is still in its early stage and the scientists are actively striving to optimize the engineering of these molecules for effective therapeutic applications. As a research group working on similar lines, we sought to explore the diverse engineering strategies with the aim of understanding the potential of extracellular vesicles as potent vaccine delivery vehicles. We conducted a systematic search to critically screen original research studies investigating engineering of extracellular vesicles for production of vaccines against viral infections. Our analysis of the studies revealed that extracellular vesicles provide diverse engineering opportunities to enable efficient viral antigen presentation, and to elicit robust immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. A wide spectrum of viruses has been targeted driving development of versatile as well as pathogen-specific vaccine strategies. Advancing research in this domain could deepen mechanistic insight into viral infections, while opening novel pathways for translational application, drug delivery and vaccine design. We conclude that substantial opportunities remain to fully harness the potential of extracellular vesicles in biomedical research, particularly in context of viral infections.

Influenza virus surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) is an excellent and chief target that elicits neutralizing antibodies during vaccination or natural infection. Its HA2 subunit (stem domain) is most conserved as compared to HA1 subunit (globular head domain). Current influenza vaccine relies on globular head domain that provides protection only against the homologous vaccine strains, rarely provides cross-protection against divergent strains, and needs to be updated annually. There is an urge for a truly universal vaccine that provides broad cross-protection against different subtype influenza A viruses along with influenza B viruses and need not be updated annually. Antibodies against the stem domain of hemagglutinin (HA) are able to neutralize a wide spectrum of influenza virus strains and subtypes. These stem-specific antibodies have great potential for the development of universal vaccine against influenza viruses. In this review, we have discussed the stem-specific cross-reactive antibodies and heterosubtypic protection provided by them. We have also discussed their epitope-based DNA vaccine and their future prospects in this scenario.

An estimated 3.9 billion individuals in 128 nations (about 40% of global population) are at risk of acquiring dengue virus infection. About 390 million cases of dengue are reported each year with higher prevalence in the developing world. A recent modeling-based report suggested that half of the population across the globe is at risk of dengue virus infection. In any given dengue outbreak, a percentage of infected population develops severe clinical manifestations, and this remains one of the “unsolved conundrums in dengue pathogenesis”. Although, host immunity and virus serotypes are known to modulate the infection, there are still certain underlying factors that play important roles in modulating dengue pathogenesis. Advanced genomics-based technologies have led to identification of regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that viruses and their hosts employ non-coding RNAs to modulate the outcome of infection in their own favor. The foremost ones seem to be the cellular microRNAs (miRNAs). Being the post-transcriptional regulators, miRNAs can be regarded as direct switches capable of turning “on” or “off” the viral replication process. Recently, role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in modulating viral infections via interferon dependent or independent signaling has been recognized. Hence, we attempt to identify the “under-dog”, the non-coding RNA regulators of dengue virus infection. Such essential knowledge will enhance the understanding of dengue virus infection in holistic manner, by exposing the specific molecular targets for development of novel prophylactic, therapeutic or diagnostic strategies.

BackgroundWhile celiac disease (CeD) is considered to affect primarily the small intestine, pathological changes in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are also known to occur. IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase-2 antibody (anti-TG2 Ab) deposits at the site of involvement is one of the methods to establish CeD-related tissue pathology.AimsTo explore the utility of IgA anti-TG2 Ab deposits in pan-gastrointestinal mucosal biopsies as evidence of CeD-related pathologies.MethodsForty-two treatment-naive patients with CeD and 45 patients with irritable bowel syndrome were included as cases and controls, respectively. Mucosal biopsies were collected from the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and rectosigmoid regions at baseline from cases and controls, and additionally after 6-months of gluten-free diet in cases. All biopsies were evaluated for histological changes and subjected to dual-color immunohistochemical staining for identifying IgA anti-TG2 Ab deposits.ResultsSignificantly higher number of patients with CeD had lymphocytic esophagitis (9.7% vs. 0%, P = 0.05), lymphocytic gastritis (35% vs. 8.8%, P < 0.01) and lymphocytic colitis (17.4% vs. 0%, P < 0.05) than that in controls. IgA anti-TG2 Ab deposits were observed in significantly more numbers in esophagus (30.9% vs. 6%, P < 0.001), stomach (62.2% vs. 9.3%, P < 0.01), duodenum (88.5% vs. 0%, P < 0.001) and rectum (17.4% vs. 0%, P < 0.05) than that in controls. There was a decline, but not statistically significant, in severity of lymphocytosis and intensity of IgA anti-TG2 Ab deposits in follow-up biopsies.ConclusionSignificantly higher number of patients with CeD had evidence of lymphocytic infiltration and IgA anti-TG2 deposits along GIT suggesting that CeD affects other parts of GIT.

Influenza viruses are known to cause severe respiratory infections in humans, often associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Virus replication relies on various host factors and pathways, which also determine the virus’s infectious potential. Nonetheless, achieving a comprehensive understanding of how the virus interacts with host cellular components is essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies. One of the key components among host factors, the nuclear pore complex (NPC), profoundly affects both the Influenza virus life cycle and the host’s antiviral defenses. Serving as the sole gateway connecting the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, the NPC plays a vital role as a mediator in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking. Upon infection, the virus hijacks and alters the nuclear pore complex and the nuclear receptors. This enables the virus to infiltrate the nucleus and promotes the movement of viral components between the nucleus and cytoplasm. While the nucleus and cytoplasm play pivotal roles in cellular functions, the nuclear pore complex serves as a crucial component in the host’s innate immune system, acting as a defense mechanism against virus infection. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between the Influenza virus and the nuclear pore complex. Furthermore, we emphasize their mutual influence on viral replication and the host’s immune responses.