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The purpose of the study is to analyse trends and directions of digitalisation of agriculture, with a focus on technologies that contribute to improving the efficiency and sustainability of the industry. The methodology includes an analysis of the state of digitalisation of agriculture, key technologies, barriers to implementation, and development prospects based on statistical data and industry reports. The paper analyses the most developed crop and livestock industries in Kazakhstan, such as the production of cereals, oilseeds, dairy, and beef cattle, with a focus on the use of drones, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and blockchain. The technical features of technologies, implementation costs, payback periods, and infrastructural requirements are considered. A comparative analysis of digitalisation in Kazakhstan and other countries is conducted, which identifies the main barriers, such as high costs, insufficient infrastructure, and a low level of digital literacy. It is determined that drones contribute to optimising field monitoring and accurate resource allocation, the Internet of Things provides data collection and analysis for real-time process management, artificial intelligence is used for forecasting and automation, and blockchain increases the transparency of supply chains. These technologies have improved resource management, increased yields, and minimised environmental impacts. The main barriers hindering the digitalisation of agriculture were high technology costs, insufficient infrastructure, low levels of digital literacy among industry workers, and resistance to change on the part of farmers.

  Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex A.Blytt (Rosaceae) is a deciduous shrub that is difficult to propagate through traditional methods. Thus, in the present study, in vitro regeneration utilizing nodal explants was attempted for the first time. Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Quoirin and Lepoivre (QL) medium supplemented with 0.2 or 0.5 mg L −1 6-benzyladenine (BA), 0.01 mg L −1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and 0.5 mg L −1 gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) were utilized for shoot culture establishment. Optimum 8.83 ± 0.66 shoots with 0.87 ± 0.10 cm length and 4.27 ± 0.37 leaves per explant were recorded after 40 d in MS medium fortified with 0.2 mg L −1 BA, 0.01 mg L −1 IBA, and 0.5 mg L −1 GA 3 . These shoots were then rooted in ½MS medium augmented with 0.5 mg L −1 IBA which formed 4.03 ± 0.29 roots per shoot (100% response) with 3.64 ± 0.16 cm length. The plantlets were then transferred to soil:vermiculite (3:1 w/w) in the light room for 35 d. Later on, they were successfully hardened and acclimatized in open ground with 80.9% survival rate after 3 mo.

The aim of this research is to assess the current status, potential and problems of human resources for forestry in municipal state forest management institutions (MSFMIs) of Kazakhstan. A total of 120 MSFMIs are functional in Kazakhstan, with almost 5.5 thousand employees, of which 6.1% are women. Overall 63% are foresters, 13% are masters of the wood, 13% are engineers of forestry of all categories, 7% are forest wardens and 4% are directors. The quality of education of forest workers also varies and a minority of forest workers has a higher education. The scenario also suggested that almost 3000 specialists had taken up the advanced training courses from 2003 to 2019. According to a survey of employees of the MSFMIs of two pilot oblasts (Almaty and East Kazakhstan), the average age of an employee is 44.7 years and 79.2% of employees have a work experience of up to 15 years. The main issues and difficulties observed in the work of MSFMIs staff were low wages, lack of modern technique and equipment for forest service, lack of systematic continuing education of employees, poor quality of education, as well as staff turnover, especially foresters, which consequently affects their professional level.