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"Ram, Manoj Kumar"
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The New Frontiers of Organic and Composite Nanotechnology
The New Frontiers of Organic and Composite Nanotechnology is an attempt to illustrate current status of modern nanotechnology.The book is divided into 3 main sections, introduction and conclusion.The introduction describes general questions of the problem and main lines of the research activities.
eBook
Pityriasis versicolor in the pediatric age group
Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is a mild chronic infection of the skin caused by Malassezia yeasts. Although it is primarily seen in adults, children are often affected in the tropics .
Over a period of 2 years, children (up to the age of 14 years) who were clinically and mycologically diagnosed as PV were included in the study. The clinical and epidemiological pattern in different age groups was noted.
PV in this age group formed about 31% of the total cases of PV; 4.8% cases presented in infancy. The commonest site of involvement was the face in 39.9% of the cases. Most of the cases presented in summer months.
PV is not an uncommon disease among children in the tropics. There is a sudden resurgence of cases in the hot monsoons and even infants are not spared.
Journal Article
Impact of Agrochemicals on Soil Microbiota and Management: A Review
The World Health Organization (WHO) states that in developing nations, there are three million cases of agrochemical poisoning. The prolonged intensive and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals adversely affected the soil biodiversity, agricultural sustainability, and food safety, bringing in long-term harmful effects on nutritional security, human and animal health. Most of the agrochemicals negatively affect soil microbial functions and biochemical processes. The alteration in diversity and composition of the beneficial microbial community can be unfavorable to plant growth and development either by reducing nutrient availability or by increasing disease incidence. Currently, there is a need for qualitative, innovative, and demand-driven research in soil science, especially in developing countries for facilitating of high-quality eco-friendly research by creating a conducive and trustworthy work atmosphere, thereby rewarding productivity and merits. Hence, we reviewed (1) the impact of various agrochemicals on the soil microbial diversity and environment; (2) the importance of smallholder farmers for sustainable crop protection and enhancement solutions, and (3) management strategies that serve the scientific community, policymakers, and land managers in integrating soil enhancement and sustainability practices in smallholder farming households. The current review provides an improved understanding of agricultural soil management for food and nutritional security.
Journal Article
Effect of iron-zinc imbalance on morphophysiology and nutrient homeostasis of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) under water-deficit
Kinnow mandarin production in arid regions is constrained by water-deficit and micronutrient imbalances, particularly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). This study evaluated the effects of Fe and Zn deficiency (Fe- and Zn-) and toxicity (Fe + and Zn+) under water-deficit conditions. Eight treatments, including individual and combined Fe/Zn deficiencies and toxicities along with control were assessed under pot conditions. Results revealed that water-deficit combined with Fe and Zn deficiency significantly reduced plant growth, biomass, leaf area, relative water content and chlorophyll concentrations. These effects were more severe under combined deficiencies compared to their individual deficiencies. In contrast, Fe and Zn toxicity enhanced vegetative traits such as leaf area and sprout length but induced abnormal morphogenesis, such as enlarged thorns and water sprouts. Root traits also showed sensitivity to nutrient treatments. Root length and root-shoot ratio increased under Zn toxicity, while specific root length was more severely affected by micronutrients deficiency. Leaf analysis exhibited treatment specific variations, indicating disrupted uptake. Nitrogen and potassium decreased under Fe-Zn deficiency, while phosphorus increased under Zn deficiency but decreased under Zn toxicity. The findings of the study revealed that Fe and Zn status influenced plant performance and nutrient balance under water-deficit conditions, highlighting the importance of balanced micronutrients management in citrus cultivation.
Journal Article
Geospatial technology in agroforestry: status, prospects, and constraints
Agroforestry has an indispensable role in food and livelihood security in addition to its capacity to combat the detrimental effects of climate change. However, agroforestry has not been properly promoted and exploited due to lack of precise extent, geographical distribution, and carbon sequestration (CS) assessment. The recent advent of geospatial technologies, as well as free availability of spatial data and software, can provide new insights into agroforestry resources assessment, decision-making, and policy development despite agroforestry’s small spatial extent, isolated nature, and higher structural and functional complexity of agroforestry. In this review, the existing application of geospatial technologies together with its constraints and limitations as well as the potential future application for agroforestry has been discussed. The review reveals that the application of optical remote sensing in agroforestry includes spatial extent mapping, production of tree species spectral signature, CS assessment, and suitability mapping. Simultaneously, the recent surge in the use of synthetic aperture radar in conjunction with algorithms based on vegetation photosynthesis and optical data enables a more accurate estimation of gross primary productivity at different scales. However, unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with sensors, such as multispectral, LiDAR, hyperspectral, and thermal, offer a considerably higher potential and accuracy than satellite-based datasets. In the future, the health monitoring of agroforestry systems can be a key concern that may be addressed by utilizing hyperspectral and thermal datasets to analyze plant biochemistry, chlorophyll fluorescence, and water stress. Additionally, current (GEDI, ECOSTRESS) and future space agency missions (BIOMASS, FLEX, NISAR, TRISHNA) have enormous potential to shed fresh light on agroforestry systems.
Journal Article
A Scalable Brain Tumor Diagnosis from Large-Scale MRI Datasets Using CNN-ViT and Expert-Attention Fusions
Accurate and timely diagnosis of brain tumors is crucial for effective treatment planning, yet the rapid growth of medical imaging data presents significant challenges for manual interpretation. This paper introduces a novel, scalable hybrid deep learning framework designed for robust brain tumor classification from large-scale MRI datasets. Our architecture distinctively combines a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for fine-grained local feature extraction with a Vision Transformer (ViT) for modeling global contextual dependencies. To specifically address the challenge of tumor heterogeneity, we introduce a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) layer that dynamically routes features to specialized subnetworks. Feature representation is further refined by a Multi-Head Latent Attention (MHLA) mechanism, which focuses on the most salient diagnostic information. A key aspect of our methodology is an iterative data-centric refinement strategy to enhance label reliability and reduce intra-class variability in large, potentially noisy datasets. Evaluated on a comprehensive four-class benchmark dataset (glioma, meningioma, pituitary, and no tumor), our model achieves state-of-the-art performance with 98.9% accuracy. This work contributes a scalable, accurate, and more interpretable AI pipeline that directly addresses the complexities of real-world medical big data, demonstrating a clear novelty in its synergistic integration of advanced neural components for a challenging clinical problem.
Journal Article
Rehabilitation of canal irrigation schemes in India: a qualitative analysis
The article describes a brief history of canal irrigation development and rehabilitation measures taken up in the past. The processes leading to deterioration in the condition of canal irrigation systems, necessitating rehabilitation, have been described. Based on a survey of several irrigation commands in different agro-climatic zones, the problems in aged irrigation projects are presented. The purpose is to identify the technical and non-technical factors limiting the performance of canal irrigation systems. Regarding rehabilitation of canal irrigation systems, several policy issues have been raised and discussed. The importance of the issues raised pertaining to canal rehabilitation and the solutions have also been discussed in this article.
Journal Article
Surface Modified Activated Carbons: Sustainable Bio-Based Materials for Environmental Remediation
Global warming and water/air contamination caused by human activities are major challenges in environmental pollution and climate change. The improper discharge of a large amount of agro-forest byproduct is accelerating these issues mainly in developing countries. The burning of agricultural byproducts causes global warming, whereas their improper waste management causes water/air pollution. The conversion of these waste materials into effective smart materials can be considered as a promising strategy in waste management and environmental remediation. Over the past decades, activated carbons (ACs) have been prepared from various agricultural wastes and extensively used as adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of ACs is linked to a well-developed porous structure, large specific surface area, and rich surface functional moieties. Activated carbon needs to increase their adsorption capacity, especially for specific adsorbates, making them suitable for specific applications, and this is possible by surface modifications of their surface chemistry. The modifications of surface chemistry involve the introduction of surface functional groups which can be carried out by various methods such as acid treatment, alkaline treatment, impregnation, ozone treatment, plasma treatment, and so on. Depending on the treatment methods, surface modification mainly affects surface chemistry. In this review, we summarized several modification methods for agricultural-waste-based ACs. In addition, the applications of AC for the adsorption of various pollutants are highlighted.
Journal Article
Revisiting the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: lessons from the past and objectives for the future
Plant beneficial rhizobacteria (PBR) is a group of naturally occurring rhizospheric microbes that enhance nutrient availability and induce biotic and abiotic stress tolerance through a wide array of mechanisms to enhance agricultural sustainability. Application of PBR has the potential to reduce worldwide requirement of agricultural chemicals and improve agro-ecological sustainability. The PBR exert their beneficial effects in three major ways; (1) fix atmospheric nitrogen and synthesize specific compounds to promote plant growth, (2) solubilize essential mineral nutrients in soils for plant uptake, and (3) produce antimicrobial substances and induce systemic resistance in host plants to protect them from biotic and abiotic stresses. Application of PBR as suitable inoculants appears to be a viable alternative technology to synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Furthermore, PBR enhance nutrient and water use efficiency, influence dynamics of mineral recycling, and tolerance of plants to other environmental stresses by improving health of soils. This report provides comprehensive reviews and discusses beneficial effects of PBR on plant and soil health. Considering their multitude of functions to improve plant and soil health, we propose to call the plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) as PBR.
Journal Article