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Purpose The study aims to capture customers’ different price expectations by constructing a multidimensional price perception in Islamic banking setting and the impact on customer satisfaction and behavioral intention, as a single price perception approach cannot reflect heterogeneity of price expectations. The study conceptualized customers’ price expectation into price reliability, price confidence, price transparency, relative price, price–quality ratio and price fairness. Design/methodology/approach An online questionnaire was distributed to Islamic banking customers in Indonesia to test seven proposed hypotheses of price perceptions on customer satisfaction and behavioral intention. The instrument used a five-point Likert-type scale to capture customer perception on the instrument variables and analyzed the functional relation of the model using multiple regression analysis. Findings Empirical findings reveal that customers experienced more price expectations in their banking decision-making process. The number and complexity of price expectations depend primarily on the customers’ interest, particularly on price transparency, relative price and price–quality ratio, and these dimensions affect satisfaction and behavioral intention. Islamic banking customers in Indonesia are highly aware of price transparency, have “relative thinking” on price differences and put price–quality ratio in their assessment. Research limitations/implications The study was conducted in Indonesian Islamic banking industry; the extension to other different countries may reveal difference in price complexity and implication to behavioral consequences. Any difference in customer attitude would bring managerial implication for different Islamic bank managers. Additionally, this study developed and examined five price dimensions, however, there may be additional price dimensions in different environment contexts. Further research is needed to identify any other price expectations that may affect customers’ behavior. Practical implications The results of this research allow bank practitioners to develop relevant pricing strategy to fulfil customers’ different price expectations in their decision-making process. Appropriate measures to different price expectations improve satisfaction, loyalty and, in turn, increase bank profits. Furthermore, this research provides useful information for future researchers in different settings. Originality/value This paper provides empirical analysis of pricing strategy by Indonesian Islamic banks and insights on customers’ experience toward different price expectations.

The existing HDI concept is value neutral and unable to capture the religious and ethical perspective of socio-economic development in Muslim countries. It is argued that Muslim countries have some special features, cultures, and values that are not completely accommodated by the HDI measurement. Therefore, the current study is an attempt to propose an Islamic Human Development Index (I-HDI) as a holistic and comprehensive index for human development derived from the five dimensions of maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah: religion (dīn), life (nafs), intellect (ʿaql), family (nasl) and wealth (māl). The computation method of an I-HDI is parallel with the HDI method. The constructed index is utilized to rank the human development level for 33 provinces in Indonesia. The study finds that the composition rank between I-HDI and HDI is slightly different. However, the two indices have a statistical positive correlation confirming the assumption that I-HDI might serve as a predictor for the rank of HDI. The findings also show that the majority of the provinces in Indonesia have a poor performance in overall score of I-HDI.

Background Young working adults frequently suffer from tendon injuries. However, despite the many advancements in repair techniques and postoperative physiotherapy programs that improved recovery, the benefit of fat injections in improving the outcome through their regenerative properties has remained under trial. Methods A total of 50 patients with isolated flexor tendon injuries (zone II) presenting to the Emergency Department of Cairo University Hospitals from June 2018 to June 2019 were included and randomly divided into two groups. Group A cases received conventional tendon repair techniques without fat injection, whereas group B received fat injection as an adjunctive procedure after conventional repair. The outcomes were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results Patients mean age was 25 years (range 17–50, standard deviation (SD) 2.4). The median for TAM (total active motion) in group A was 120 and 170, pre- and postoperatively. For group B, the median for TAM was 125 and 180, pre- and postoperatively. A comparison between both groups showed that group B had a higher postoperative median for TAM than group A ( p  < 0.622). However, both groups had similar postoperative medians for TPM (total passive motion) ( p  < 0.379). Conclusions The current study showed that the fat injection group had increased TAM but decreased TPM. Although fat injection might help minimize adhesion formation after tendon repair, further work and research need to be done to understand why TPM decreased and whether it is related to joint stiffness or not. Level of Evidence: Level III, therapeutic study.

Background The current study investigates the antioxidant activity of Acalypha indica aerial parts and root ethanolic extracts and explore whether these extracts will stimulate fibroblasts viability and ability to migrate. Results Aerial parts extract exhibited higher DPPH scavenging activity compared to root extract with IC 50 of 62 µg/mL and 206 µg/mL, respectively. Both aerial parts and root extracts showed low cytotoxicity towards fibroblasts with 753 µg/mL LD 50 for aerial parts and undetected LD 50 for root extract. Additionally, aerial parts extract significantly induces fibroblasts proliferation up to 134%. Wound closure investigation showed a significant closure percentage for aerial parts compared to untreated control with 75% at 1 µg/mL and high closure percentage with 70% at 0.1 µg/mL for root extract compared to only 59% closure percentage for untreated control after 48 h of the study. Conclusions This study provided evidence for A. indica to have great wound healing potential. The finding builds the scientific background in future to utilise the high antioxidant activity of A. indica and its ability to stimulate fibroblasts migration and proliferation for further applications.

Background Post-burn hypertrophic scar and keloid are challenging problems. Intense pulsed light (IPL) vascular filter (550–1200nm) has a similar effect to the pulsed dye laser 585nm in management of the same cutaneous applications. Methods This prospective comparative study was conducted on 34 patients with post-burn hypertrophic scars and keloid. The lesions were irradiated, using an IPL filter 550–1100 nm, 20 ms pulse duration, and fluence of 34 J/cm 2 . Sessions done every 2 weeks over a period of 6 months. The follow-up was scheduled for 1 month and 6 months. Evaluation methods were both subjective by the Vancouver scar scale (VSS) and objective by the skin imaging analysis system. Results Patients received 12 sessions. Erythema was the first sign to show improvement after the second session while itching was the first symptom which showed improvement followed by pain and finally improvement in the range of movement. The improvement of the VSS was higher in the hypertrophic scars than the keloid group ( P ˂ 0.001). Conclusions IPl proved its efficacy in the treatment of post-burn hypertrophic scars and keloid. However, the improvement in the pliability and erythema in hypertrophic scar was higher than in keloids. Level of evidence: Level IV, Therapeutic

Background Macromastia frequently affects females and can be upsetting. The main objective of any reduction procedure is to reduce the hypertrophic breast while maintaining a healthy nipple-areola complex, making reduction mammoplasty one of the most often done aesthetic procedures. To accomplish this, the skin envelope must be appropriately re-draped in order to achieve projected elevated, symmetrical breasts, scarcely perceptible scars, and lasting results. Methods Twenty-five patients who were candidates for wise-pattern reduction mammoplasty were included in the study. Two techniques of skin re-draping and closure were assessed; for each patient, both breasts were closed in two directions of closure either areola first closure (traditional technique) versus areola last (retrograde closure). Comparison between the differences in the intraoperative length of the wound was compared. Results The direction of skin closure starting from the periphery and ending with areola closure as a last step has a statistically significant impact on reducing the length of the scar with no increasing incidence of early wound dehiscence. The average length of the horizontal wound was 25.17 ± 2.21 cm versus 20.25 ± 1.59 cm in the traditional method and retrograde method respectively. Conclusions Refinement during the final step of the skin closure including the direction of skin closure and excision of excess skin through a circum-areolar wound to avoid dog ears will affect the final length of the scar. Changing the direction of skin closure from the areola first closure to the areola last closure although a simple step but effective. Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.

Background Consequently, the management of post burn hypertrophic scars and keloid in children are a great challenge for the physicians, parents, and children themselves. Purpose of the Study To assess the efficacy and safety of treating hypertrophic and keloid scars with botulinum toxins injections. Patients and Methods This is a randomized intra‐patient comparative study was conducted on 15 children with post burn hypertrophic and keloid scars. Children were randomized to receive Intralesional injection of botulinum toxins on one part of the hypertrophic scar/keloid where the other part was left as a control. The assessment of clinical improvement was measured by the Vancouver scar scale (VSS) and by skin analysis camera system. Sessions were performed every month for 6 months. Results Clinical and statistical dramatic improvement in the vascularity, pliability, and height of the lesions which have been injected with neuronox. Evaluation of the lesions by the Antera camera has proven marked changes in the vascularity and height. There was no correlations between Vancouver score improvement and variables such as the age, sex, skin type, and duration and lesion type. Conclusions The botulinum toxins proved its efficacy and safety in treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloid in children. It improved the associated itching and pain. Moreover it improves the pliability, erythema, and thickness of the scars.

Background Use of topical vasodilators in microsurgery to ameliorate intraoperative vasospasm after dissection of vessels is widely used. It not only facilitates the anastomosis but also enhances the flap survival outcome. Finding safe and effective agent is important in vitro. Studying it primarily in vivo will facilitate finding this agent before proceeding to in vitro application. This study aims to experimentally compare the efficacy of two vasodilators in relieving vasospasms. Methods In this in vivo study, the effect of topical application of verapamil was compared to lidocaine in relieving the vasospasm of femoral vessel of 21 Sprague–Dawley rats. Results Verapamil provided dilatation exceeding that of the lidocaine, as the mean of dilation after application of the verapamil was 0.28 mm and the maximum dilation was 0.6 mm. While after lidocaine application, the mean of dilation was 0.17 and the maximum dilation was 0.45 mm. The percentage of change in vessel diameter after application of drugs was 63.85% in the verapamil group and 33.57% in lidocaine group. Conclusions In the current study, it was proven that both verapamil and lidocaine have statistically significant vasodilator effects. However, verapamil is superior to lidocaine in its topical vasodilator effect. It has also longer duration of vasodilator effect. Level of evidence: Not ratable

Cadmium is an environmental contaminant that poses several health risks. Early epidemiological studies suggested that cadmium was associated with prostate cancer mortality. However, more recent studies showed conflicting evidence. Our hypothesis is that environmental cadmium overburdern can cause an existing cancer to be more aggressive. Most published in vitro studies addressing the association between cadmium and prostate cancer employed very high micromolar concentrations that are not environmentally relevant. In our study, we showed that cadmium at environmentally relevant concentrations resulted in increased PC3 and LAPC4 growth in 3D cultures but not in 2D cultures. We also showed that cadmium is associated with increased migration of PC3 via increased levels of TCTP and PLK1 phosphorylation. Our results also showed that exposure of nude mice with subcutaneous xenografts of LAPC4 to cadmium in drinking water was associated with increased growth of subcutaneous xenografts at 20 ppm dose (1.7 fold). On the contrary, exposure of nude mice with subcutaneous xenografts of PC3 to environmentally relevant cadmium concentrations resulted in decreased tumor volumes at 2 ppm, 5 ppm, and 20 ppm suggesting differential effects of cadmium on tumor models. Transcriptome analysis of LAPC4 xenografts revealed the dysregulation of several targets such as GMPR, RFX3 and CHRNA2. The role of these targets in prostate cancer progression is yet to be understood. However, our results suggest that cadmium at environmentally relevant concentrations increases the aggressiveness of an already existing prostate cancer.

Background Reduction mammoplasty using the inferior pedicle technique has been used for more than five decades. Without doubt, it has many advantages, especially in patients with moderate to severe macromastia. Although the esthetic outcome of reduction mammoplasty in the early postoperative period is usually satisfactory, typical esthetic drawbacks appear during the first year. These drawbacks include bottoming out, loss of superior fullness, box-shaped breasts, poor definition of the infra-mammary fold (IMF), elongation of the vertical scar, star gazing of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) and, of course, the scar burden. Parenchymal reshaping and suspension have been introduced as an additional step to eliminate the drawbacks of the inferior pedicle procedure. Methods This is a prospective study done in a period from March 2016 to March 2018 in Kasr Al-Ainy Hospital (Cairo University hospitals) by the senior author and his team of co-authors. Reduction mammoplasty (Wise pattern) with the inferior pedicle and dermal wrap technique (using two dermal wings) was performed in 20 patients. The distance from the suprasternal notch (SSN) to the NAC was > 30 cm. Results The patients’ ages ranged from 28 to 55 years (average age, 39 years). Body mass index (BMI) ranged from 27 to 35 kg/m 2 (average BMI, 33.3 kg/m 2 ). The distance between the SSN and NAC ranged from 33 to 45 cm (average distance, 40 cm). The nipples were lifted by 11 to 19.5 cm. The distance from the nipple to the IMF ranged from 18 to 24 cm. This distance was reduced postoperatively to between 9 and 11.5 cm ( p value < 0.001). Conclusions Follow-up of the patients revealed that suspension of the breast parenchyma and plication of the dermal flap improved the esthetic results following inferior pedicle breast reduction. The addition of volumetric and geometric adjustment “preoperatively” may significantly improve the results and minimize the operative time of this relatively lengthy procedure (4–6 h for both breasts). Level of Evidence: Level IV, terapeutic study.