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The widespread use of plastic goods creates huge disposal issues and environmental concerns. Increasing emphasis has been paid to the notion of a circular economy, which might have a significant impact on the demand for plastic raw materials. Post-consumer plastics recycling is a major focus of the nation’s circular economy. This study focuses on energy recovery from waste plastics as an alternative fuel source to meet the circular economy demand. Waste plastic fuel produced through pyrolysis has been claimed to be utilized as a substituted fuel. This work focuses to determine the performance and emission standards of Waste Plastic Fuel (WPF) generated from the pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) in a single-cylinder Direct Injection Diesel Engine (DIDE). Three different ratios of WPF were combined with 10% ethanol and 10% ethoxy ethyl acetate as an oxygenated additive to create quaternary fuel blends. The ethanol has a low viscosity, a high oxygen content, a high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio as favourable properties, the quaternary fuel results the improved brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption and reduced emissions. The blend WEE20 exhibits 4.7% higher brake thermal efficiency, and 7.8% reduced fuel consumption compared to the diesel. The quaternary fuel blends demonstrated decreased carbon monoxide of 3.7 to 13.4% and reduced hydrocarbons of 2 to 16% under different load conditions.

Today, environmental contamination is a big concern for both developing and developed countries. The primary sources of contamination of land, water, and air are extensive industrialization and intense agricultural activities. Various traditional methods are available for the treatment of different pollutants in the environment, but all have some limitations. Due to this, an alternative method is required which is effective and less toxic and provides better outcomes. Nanomaterials have attracted a lot of interest in terms of environmental remediation. Because of their huge surface area and related high reactivity, nanomaterials perform better in environmental clean-up than other conventional approaches. They can be modified for specific uses to provide novel features. Due to the large surface-area-to-volume ratio and the presence of a larger number of reactive sites, nanoscale materials can be extremely reactive. These characteristics allow for higher interaction with contaminants, leading to a quick reduction of contaminant concentration. In the present review, an overview of different nanomaterials that are potential in the remediation of environmental pollutants has been discussed.

Nanotechnology is rapidly becoming more and more important in today's technological world as the need for industry increases with human well-being. In this study, we synthesized SnO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) using an environmentally friendly method or green method from Croton macrostachyus leaf extract, leading to the transformation of UV absorbance to visible absorbance by reducing the band gap energy. The products underwent UV, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, XPS, BET, and DLS for characterization. Characterization via UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed the shift in absorbance towards the visible spectrum, indicating the potential for enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. The energy band gap for as-synthesized nanoparticles was 3.03 eV, 2.71 eV, 2.61 eV, and 2.41 eV for the 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 sample ratios, respectively. The average crystal size of 32.18 nm and very fine flakes with tiny agglomerate structures of nanoparticles was obtained. The photocatalytic activity of the green-synthesized SnO 2 nanoparticles was explored under visible light irradiation for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB), which were widespread fabric pollutants. It was finally confirmed that the prepared NPs were actively used for photocatalytic degradation. Our results suggest the promising application of these green-synthesized SnO 2 NPs as efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation with low energy consumption compared to other light-driven processes. The radical scavenging experiment proved that hydroxyl radicals ( _ OH) are the predominant species in the reaction kinetics of both pollutant dyes under visible light degradation.

This study explores the impact of banana fiber-reinforced diatomaceous earth (DE) slurry treatment on recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) for structural applications. Six types of treated recycled aggregates were prepared by coating their surface with a slurry containing 5% DE, 0-7% banana fiber, and ordinary Portland cement. Various tests assessed the treatment’s impact on aggregate and concrete properties. The treatment improved specific gravity, aggregate crushing resistance, impact resistance, and abrasion resistance for up to 5% of banana fiber in the slurry. The formation of additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) phases contributed to strengthening the microstructure by filling voids and enveloping the aggregate surface. Concrete prepared with treated recycled aggregate showed significant improvements in compressive strength (25.14%), tensile strength (36.58%), and flexural strength (72%) at an optimum 5% fiber content. Non-destructive testing confirmed better surface hardness and internal quality, while microstructural analyses revealed improved bonding and fiber reinforcement. These substantial improvements demonstrate the potential of banana fiber-reinforced DE slurry treatment for sustainable construction practices.

Accurate identification and segmentation of brain tumors in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are critical for timely diagnosis and treatment. MRI is frequently used to diagnose these disorders; however medical professionals find it challenging to manually evaluate MRI pictures because of time restrictions and unpredictability. Computerized methods such as R-CNN, attention models and earlier YOLO variants face limitations due to high computational demands and suboptimal segmentation performance. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a successive framework that evaluates YOLOv9, YOLOv10, and YOLOv11 for tumor detection and segmentation using the Figshare Brain Tumor dataset (2100 images) and BraTS2020 dataset (3170 MRI slices). Preprocessing involves log transformation for intensity normalization, histogram equalization for contrast enhancement, and edge-based ROI extraction. The models were trained on 80% of the combined dataset and evaluated on the remaining 20%. YOLOv11 demonstrated superior performance, achieving 96.22% classification accuracy on BraTS2020 and 96.41% on Figshare, with an F1-score of 0.990, recall of 0.984, mAP@0.5 of 0.993, and mAP@ [0.5:0.95] of 0.801 during testing. With a fast inference time of 5.3 ms and a balanced precision–recall profile, YOLOv11 proves to be a robust, real-time solution for brain tumor detection in clinical applications.

This study investigates the photo-catalytic and super-capacitive properties of green-synthesized ZnO/Ag 2 O nanocomposites using P. macrosolen L . leaf extract. The synthesis was performed in a single step at low temperature with a short reaction time. The synthesized materials were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, UV-VIS and XPS. The ZnO/Ag 2 O nanocomposites exhibited exceptional photo-catalytic efficiency and stability under visible light for the degradation of carbon-based dyes. The degradation rate constants of the optimized ZnO/Ag 2 O nanocomposites were 0.054351 min⁻¹ for Methylene Orange (MO) and 0.048751 min⁻¹ for Toluidine Blue (TB), achieving degradation efficiencies of 99.69% and 98.50%, respectively, compared to ZnO (0.0075 min⁻¹). This remarkable improvement in visible-light photo-catalytic performance is attributed to the hetero-junction formation, which enhances charge separation and transfer through the matched crystal lattices and energy bands of Ag 2 O and ZnO. The Ag 2 O nanoparticles efficiently generate and transfer excited electrons to the ZnO conduction band under visible-light irradiation. Electrochemical studies revealed a significant improvement in specific capacitance, with the ZnO/Ag 2 O composite containing 50 wt% AgNO 3 achieving a maximum specific capacitance of 655.0 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. This superior performance highlights the synergistic effect of ZnO and Ag 2 O in improving photo-catalytic and electrochemical properties. These findings demonstrate the potential of ZnO/Ag 2 O nanocomposites for industrial dye degradation and super-capacitor applications.

The translucent and nano-crystalline PbS films were equipped with the CBD techniques on metal substrates by the temperature of 90 °C through aqueous solutions of Lead Nitrate and Thiourea. The XRD phases verify the crystalline property of synthesized thin films that the shape falls in the cubic structures with favourite orientations. It revealed that the prepared material is cubic crystal oriented as (111), (110), (100) and (101) crystal planes. The crystalline size varied between 0.4 and 0.7 nm. The band gap was assessed using UV–vis captivation spectra and Tau relations. The average energy band gap was found to be 2.43 eV which is greater than bulk materials of PbS; because of quantum confinements of Lead Sulfide Nano Crystalline thin films, and PL also confirms this result. The variation in band gap with Leaf extracts and particle sizes displayed blue shifts characteristic of electrons quantum confinements. SEM micrograph shows extremely uniform and adherent PbS films are found at higher PH values. It was evidently observed that the viscosity of the synthesized thin films reduced from 563 to 111 nm with a rise in pH value. The sample prepared at pH 4 shows good performance, and thin films deposited from Avocado ( Glycosmis cochinchinensis ) leaf extracts are a promising method to empower pollution remediation and future energy.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) were prepared by Caricaceae (Papaya) Shell extracts. The Nanoparticles were analyzed by UV–Vis spectrums, X-ray diffractions, and energy-dispersive X-rays spectroscopy analyses with a scanning electron microscope. An antifungal study was carried out for TiO 2 NP in contradiction of S. sclerotiorums , R. necatrixs and Fusarium classes that verified a sophisticated inhibitions ratio for S. sclerotiorums (60.5%). Germs of pea were individually preserved with numerous concentrations of TiO 2 NPs. An experience of TiO 2 NPs (20%, 40%, 80% and 100%), as well as mechanisms that instigated momentous alterations in seed germinations, roots interval, shoot lengths, and antioxidant enzymes, were investigated. Associated with controls, the supreme seeds germinations, roots and plant growth were perceived with the treatments of TiO 2 NPs. Super-oxide dis-mutase and catalase activities increased because of TiO 2 NPs treatments. This advocates that TiO 2 Nanoparticles may considerably change antioxidant metabolisms in seed germinations.

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) remains a leading cause of vision loss globally, necessitating accurate and scalable diagnostic solutions. Existing Deep Learning (DL) models often underutilize lesion-specific cues that are critical for early DR grading, while detection based models require costly lesion annotations. To address these limitations, we propose DRCNN-Lesion Proxy, a hybrid architecture that integrates a ResNet34 based CNN backbone for extracting global image level features with a Lesion Proxy Module, which simulates lesion-inspired cues without explicit lesion bounding box annotations. These heterogeneous features are fused through a late fusion classification head to enable robust multiclass DR severity prediction. The model was trained on a composite dataset and rigorously evaluated across six publicly available benchmarks namely EyePACS, Messidor-2, APTOS 2019, DDR, DIARETDB1, and IDRiD. Experimental findings show that the proposed framework consistently outperforms baseline CNNs and recent hybrid methods, achieving up to 98.37% accuracy, 97.28% F1-score, and 98.14% AUC. Statistical significance testing confirmed that these improvements were not due to chance. Furthermore, Grad-CAM visualizations highlighted clinically relevant retinal regions, and a pilot validation with three ophthalmologists on 20 cases reported mean scores above 3.5 out of 5, confirming that the explanations were perceived as clinically meaningful and useful for grading. The proposed framework provides an annotation light solution with strong generalizability, diagnostic precision, and clinically validated interpretability, advancing the state of the art in automated DR screening and offering a practical pathway for real world deployment.

In present study the green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles has been effectively achieved using novel plant extract Phragmanthera Macrosolen . This method provides sustainable alternative for nanoparticle synthesis, demonstrating the potential of Phragmanthera Macrosolen as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the production of Ag 2 O NPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for their structural, morphological, and optical properties, confirming their successful formation and potential applications in various fields. The effects of different pH values and annealing temperature of the samples on the properties of Ag 2 O NPs formations, as well as photo-catalytic activities towards Toluidine Blue dye degradations, were studied. Powder XRD reveals that the crystallite natures of Ag 2 O NPs a long with crystalline size ranges from 25.85 to 35.90 nm. FIB-SEM and HR-TEM images displayed that the Ag 2 O NPs as spherical shapes. UV-vis spectroscopy displayed that Ag 2 O NPs belong to a direct-band gap of 2.1–2.6 eV. FTIR- study shown that the green synthesized Ag 2 O NPs may be steadied via the interfaces of –OH as well as C = O groups in the carbohydrate, flavonoid, tannin, as well as phenolic acid existing in P. macrosolen L . leaf. The chemical states, electron-hole recombinations and purity of Ag and O in the synthesized Ag 2 O NPs were confirmed through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and PL analysis respectively. Fascinatingly, the synthesized Ag 2 O NPs at pH 12 displayed high photo-catalytic degradations for TB dyes. The photo-catalytic degradations of the TB dyes were monitored spectro-photo-metrically in wave-length ranges of 200–900 nm, as well as high efficiency (98.50%) with half-life of 9.5798 min and kinetic rate constant of 0.07234 min −1 , was obtained after 45 min of reactions. From this study, it can be concluded that Ag 2 O NPs synthesized from Phragmanthera Macrosolen aqueous extract are promising in the remediation of environmental pollution and water treatment. In this light, the study reports that Phragmanthera Macrosolen green synthesis of Ag 2 O NPs can effectively address environmental pollution in cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable ways.