Explore the vast range of titles available.

Objective:Perceived poor sleep quality is the most commonly reported issue among veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Poor sleep can impact aspects of objective and subjective executive functioning abilities (e.g., planning, organization, decision-making) and lead to decreased societal participation. However, less is known about how perceived executive dysfunction impacts the relationship between perceived poor sleep and societal participation in veterans with a prior history of mTBI. We hypothesized that executive dysfunction mediates the relationship between subjective sleep quality and societal participation.Participants and Methods:Participants included sixty-two U.S. veterans [Age: M=41.73 (SD=13.19); Education: M=15.16 (SD=2.20); 14.5% female]. The participants completed the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory - 4 (MPAI-4; total scores), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult (BRIEF-A; subscale planning/organizing), and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; total scores). 21 participants met diagnostic criteria for Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [as determined by a cutoff score of 45 on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)]. A mediation analysis was utilized to examine the impact of executive functions on the relationship between perceived sleep quality and societal participation. Mediation analyses were conducted via linear regression modeling using SPSS Version 27. Post hoc analyses were conducted to control for PTSD, which is common in veteran populations.Results:The total PSQI scores significantly predicted MPAI-4 total scores F(1, 53) = 16.740, p < .001 (R2= .55) when controlling for PTSD diagnoses. A mediation analysis showed that BRIEF-A Planning/Organizing T-scores partially mediate the relationship between PSQI scores and MPAI-4 scores when controlling for PTSD diagnoses F(2, 54) = 12.055, p < .001 (R2 = .61).Conclusions:Results suggest that per000eived sleep quality impacts societal participation. However, how patients perceive their executive functioning abilities partially mediates the relationship between perceived sleep quality and societal participation, such that perceived poor sleep quality leads to reduced societal participation when there is subjective executive dysfunction. Therefore, clinical interventions should focus on the cognitive rehabilitation of executive functioning among veterans with a history of mTBI to improve their subjective experience. Ultimately, these efforts may improve veterans’ participation and utilization of healthcare services.

Background: Despite the connections and clear importance of the cerebellum in motor function, research utilizing cerebellar neuromodulation for treatment of movement disorders is still underdeveloped. Here we conduct a systematic review to investigate non-invasive neurostimulation of the cerebellum and its potential impact on motor systems and its function. Our aim is to give a general review of each neurostimulation study focusing on the cerebellum as a treatment target in the past five years at time of search, in order to update the field on current findings and inspire similar cerebellar neurostimulation research without unnecessary repetition. Methods: Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, our search included articles over the past five years that evaluated neurostimulation of the cerebellum (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and transcranial alternating current stimulation, etc.). Inclusion criteria included: (1) neurostimulation (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)) of the cerebellum; (2) only original articles, and (3) outcomes focused on motor functions. Exclusion criteria included: (1) neurostimulation with the goal of targeting any brain structure other than the cerebellum and (2) reviews and conference abstracts. Results: The search revealed 82 distinct articles relevant to the research question. Included are 17 articles concerning rTMS, 56 articles concerning tDCS, and 9 articles concerning tACS. The majority of the studies are controlled trials of varying types, with 79, with two case studies and one pilot study. Conclusions: Many studies showed significant effects on motor function and circuitry via non-invasive neurostimulation of the cerebellum. Common targets of cerebellar neurostimulation include visuomotor control, stroke rehabilitation for improvements in balance and coordination, and motor skill acquisition. The field is still exploring ideal parameters of neurostimulation for each disorder or function of interest. Future research areas should include the inclusion of individual anatomy, including functional connectivity, and improving stimulation selectivity.

Objective:Bilingualism has shown to have significant implications for neuropsychological assessment, namely, the Digit Span task. Moreover, bilingual individuals have been shown to exhibit both advantages and disadvantages on Digit Span; however, the relationship between bilingualism and performance on this subtest is poorly understood. This research aims to better understand how Hispanic Spanish-English bilinguals perform on this commonly administered working memory subtest.Participants and Methods:Participants included 82 Hispanic Spanish-English bilinguals [Age: M=29.11 (SD=6.369); Education: M=15.68 (SD=2.255); 53.7% female]. The participants completed the Language and Social Background Questionnaire (LSBQ; composite factor scores) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span (raw scores) subtest via Zoom, an online video conferencing platform. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was utilized to predict participants’ Digit Span performance based on their LSBQ composite factor scores. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted using SPSS Version 27.Results:LSBQ composite factor scores significantly predicted Digit Span Forward, F (3, 78) = 1.835, p < 0.43 (R2 = .030) and Longest Digit Span Forward, F (1, 78) = 4.02, p < 0.48 (R2 = .041) scores. LSBQ composite factor scores did not significantly predict Digit Span Backward, F (3, 78) = .344, p = .941, Digit Span Sequencing, F (3, 78) = .598, p = .731, Digit Span Total, F (3, 78) = .440, p = 0.296, Longest Digit Span Backward, F (3, 78) = .510, p = .666, or Longest Digit Span sequencing F (3, 78) = .200, p = .751 scores.Conclusions:Results suggest that Hispanic Spanish-English bilinguals perform worse on Digit Span Forward and Longest Digit Span Forward as their bilingual experiences increase. However, bilingual experiences did not significantly predict Digit Span Backward, Digit Span Sequencing, Digit Span Total, Longest Digit Span Backward, or Longest Digit Span Sequencing scores. The contrasts in Digit Span performance may be attributed to the different ways in which each condition of the subtest is cognitively processed. Therefore, clinicians and researchers should use caution when interpreting test data for Digit Span with Hispanic Spanish-English bilinguals.

Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) such as socioeconomic status (SES), occupation, marital status, and healthcare access are modifiable risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Though country-specific factors influence SDoH, studies comparing their relationship with cognition between high and middle-income countries are scarce. We leveraged harmonized datasets from the U.S. and Mexico to examine SDoH-cognition relationships in community-dwelling older adults. Data included 7,075 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and 12,893 Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) participants. Cognitive measures included immediate recall, delayed recall, and serial 7s subtraction. The same cognitive tests were used between studies, adapted in Spanish for MHAS. We examined education, income, household size, marital status, and health insurance using multiple linear regression models with interaction terms between dataset and each social determinant, adjusting for age and sex. False discovery rate method controlled for multiple comparisons. Compared to MHAS, HRS participants were older (M age=66.8 (SD=12.0) vs. 65.3 (12.0) years), and had more education (13.0 [SD=3.2] vs. 6.1 [SD=4.7]). After controlling for sociodemographic factors, HRS participants scored lower on all cognitive measures (β range: -0.605 to -2.25, all p <0.001). Education was the strongest predictor of cognitive performance for both MHAS and HRS (β: 0.429-1.04, p <0.001). Income was positively associated with cognition (β: 0.068-0.176, p <0.05), with stronger effects in HRS (β: 0.371-0.797, p <0.001). Having government health insurance vs those without predicted better immediate recall in MHAS (β=0.110, p <0.01), and improved delayed recall in HRS (β=0.274, p <0.01). In HRS, larger households predicted lower recall scores (β: -0.180 to -0.230, p <0.001). Marriage was associated with better delayed and total recall performance in HRS (β: 0.362-0.493, p <0.001). Findings highlight the complex influence of SDoH on cognitive performance. Despite higher education and income, HRS participants scored lower across cognitive measures. Education was the strongest predictor of cognitive performance in both countries, reinforcing its role as a key factor for promoting healthy cognitive aging. Results emphasize the importance of considering sociocultural contexts when developing cognitive health interventions.

Background Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) such as socioeconomic status (SES), occupation, marital status, and healthcare access are modifiable risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Though country‐specific factors influence SDoH, studies comparing their relationship with cognition between high and middle‐income countries are scarce. We leveraged harmonized datasets from the U.S. and Mexico to examine SDoH‐cognition relationships in community‐dwelling older adults. Method Data included 7,075 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and 12,893 Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) participants. Cognitive measures included immediate recall, delayed recall, and serial 7s subtraction. The same cognitive tests were used between studies, adapted in Spanish for MHAS. We examined education, income, household size, marital status, and health insurance using multiple linear regression models with interaction terms between dataset and each social determinant, adjusting for age and sex. False discovery rate method controlled for multiple comparisons. Result Compared to MHAS, HRS participants were older (M age=66.8 (SD=12.0) vs. 65.3 (12.0) years), and had more education (13.0 [SD=3.2] vs. 6.1 [SD=4.7]). After controlling for sociodemographic factors, HRS participants scored lower on all cognitive measures (β range: ‐0.605 to ‐2.25, all p <0.001). Education was the strongest predictor of cognitive performance for both MHAS and HRS (β: 0.429‐1.04, p <0.001). Income was positively associated with cognition (β: 0.068‐0.176, p <0.05), with stronger effects in HRS (β: 0.371‐0.797, p <0.001). Having government health insurance vs those without predicted better immediate recall in MHAS (β=0.110, p <0.01), and improved delayed recall in HRS (β=0.274, p <0.01). In HRS, larger households predicted lower recall scores (β: ‐0.180 to ‐0.230, p <0.001). Marriage was associated with better delayed and total recall performance in HRS (β: 0.362‐0.493, p <0.001). Conclusion Findings highlight the complex influence of SDoH on cognitive performance. Despite higher education and income, HRS participants scored lower across cognitive measures. Education was the strongest predictor of cognitive performance in both countries, reinforcing its role as a key factor for promoting healthy cognitive aging. Results emphasize the importance of considering sociocultural contexts when developing cognitive health interventions.

Patients’ bilingual status has significant implications for neuropsychological assessment. This is particularly true for the assessment of verbally mediated abilities. Digit Span is a commonly used task that assesses auditory working memory for serially presented digits. Previous research has shown both bilingual advantages for tasks of executive functioning like Digit Span. However, the relationship between bilingualism and performance on this subtest is poorly understood. This research the relationship between bilingual status and how Hispanic Spanish-English bilinguals perform on this commonly administered working memory subtest. Participants were 82 Hispanic Spanish-English bilinguals. Participants were a community sample of Hispanic, Spanish-English bilingual adults who completed the Language and Social Background Questionnaire (LSBQ), the Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), and a demographic questionnaire via Zoom, an online video conferencing platform. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis using SPSS Version 27 was utilized to predict participants’ Digit Span performance based on their LSBQ composite factor scores. Age was used as a covariate, as this variable is known to have implications for Digit Span performance. LSBQ composite factor scores significantly predicted Digit Span Forward and Longest Digit Span Forward scores. LSBQ composite factor scores did not significantly predict Digit Span Backward, Digit Span Sequencing, Digit Span Total, Longest Digit Span Backward, or Longest Digit Span sequencing. Results suggest that Hispanic Spanish-English bilinguals perform worse on Digit Span Forward and Longest Digit Span Forward as their bilingual language use increases. However, degree of bilingual language use did not significantly predict Digit Span Backward, Digit Span Sequencing, Digit Span Total, Longest Digit Span Backward, or Longest Digit Span Sequencing scores. The contrasts in Digit Span performance may be attributed to the different ways in which each condition of the subtest is cognitively processed. Digit Span Forward is predominantly processed using the phonological loop; Digit Span Backward and Sequencing access the visuospatial sketchpad. Although the results are statistically significant, they may not be clinically significant enough for clinicians to consider, as bilingualism accounts for a low amount of statistical variance in Digit Span performance.

Objective:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an evidenced based treatment for adults with treatment resistant depression (TRD). The standard clinical protocol for TMS is to stimulate the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Although the DLPFC is a defining region in the cognitive control network of the brain and implicated in executive functions such as attention and working memory, we lack knowledge about whether TMS improves cognitive function independent of depression symptoms. This exploratory analysis sought to address this gap in knowledge by assessing changes in attention before and after completion of a standard treatment with TMS in Veterans with TRD.Participants and Methods:Participants consisted of 7 Veterans (14.3% female; age M = 46.14, SD = 7.15; years education M = 16.86, SD = 3.02) who completed a full 30-session course of TMS treatment and had significant depressive symptoms at baseline (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9 score >5). Participants were given neurocognitive assessments measuring aspects of attention [Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th Edition (WAIS-IV) subtests: Digits Forward, Digits Backward, and Number Sequencing) at baseline and again after completion of TMS treatment. The relationship between pre and post scores were examined using paired-samples t-test for continuous variables and a linear regression to covary for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is often comorbid with depression in Veteran populations.Results:There was a significant improvement in Digit Span Forward (p=.01, d=-.53), but not Digit Span Backward (p=.06) and Number Sequencing (p=.54) post-TMS treatment. Depression severity was not a significant predictor of performance on Digit Span Forward (f(1,5)=.29, p=.61) after TMS treatment. PTSD severity was also not a significant predictor of performance on Digit Span Forward (f(1,5)=1.31, p=.32).Conclusions:Findings suggested that a standard course of TMS improves less demanding measures of working memory after a full course of TMS, but possibly not the more demanding aspects of working memory. This improvement in cognitive function was independent of improvements in depression and PTSD symptoms. Further investigation in a larger sample and with direct neuroimaging measures of cognitive function is warranted.

Latin* drivers are overrepresented in driving under the influence (DUI) arrests and convictions. It is also important to note that one of the leading causes for U.S. immigration detention and deportation are attributed to DUI offenses. Previous research has primarily relied on quantitative data to examine the determinants of DUI disparities among the Latin* immigrant community. In comparison, this qualitative phenomenological study, theoretically grounded in the socio-ecological perspective, examines the contributing factors along with how Latin* immigrants coped and adjusted to the consequences related to their DUI conviction. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Latin* immigrants (n = 8) in Southern California who had received a DUI conviction within 2 years. Three main findings from the analysis revealed that (1) the contributing factors to the DUI conviction were interpersonal conflicts, substance misuse/abuse, binge drinking, peer pressure, and unfamiliarity with U.S. DUI laws; (2) following the DUI arrest and conviction, participants experienced intrapersonal and familial emotional duress due to financial difficulties, worries over substance misuse/abuse, and concerns about legal inadmissibility and deportation; and (3) participants relied on social support (familismo) and cognitive restructuring techniques (positive self-talk) to circumvent and overcome internal and external stressors related to the DUI conviction. Implications for practice include developing and increasing preventative DUI outreach and education campaigns combined with trauma-informed programs and interventions for Latin* immigrant communities affected by mental health and behavioral health. These measures aim to address and ultimately prevent DUI behaviors, arrests, convictions, and involvement from U.S. immigration enforcement.

The analgesic utility of opioid-based drugs is limited by the life-threatening risk of respiratory depression. Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD), mediated by the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), is characterized by a pronounced decrease in the frequency and regularity of the inspiratory rhythm, which originates from the medullary preBötzinger Complex (preBötC). To unravel the cellular- and network-level consequences of MOR activation in the preBötC, MOR-expressing neurons were optogenetically identified and manipulated in transgenic mice in vitro and in vivo. Based on these results, a model of OIRD was developed in silico. We conclude that hyperpolarization of MOR - expressing preBötC neurons alone does not phenocopy OIRD. Instead, the effects of MOR activation are twofold: (1) pre-inspiratory spiking is reduced and (2) excitatory synaptic transmission is suppressed, thereby disrupting network-driven rhythmogenesis. These dual mechanisms of opioid action act synergistically to make the normally robust inspiratory rhythm-generating network particularly prone to collapse when challenged with exogenous opioids.