Explore the vast range of titles available.

This study examines factor(s) behind the formation of primary Cu 6 Sn 5 (in the bulk, rather than at the interface) in solder joints, even though solder alloys are hypoeutectic. To understand the contribution from copper (Cu) dissolution from the substrate a Cu-free alloy, tin-3.5 silver (Sn-3.5Ag), was used as a soldered-on copper organic solderability preservative (Cu-OSP) and electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) surface finish substrates. Microstructure observations including in situ synchrotron were used to observe microstructure development real-time and confirm the time and location for nucleation of primary Cu 6 Sn 5 . High-speed shear tests were performed to determine the solder joint’s strengths. The results confirm that Cu dissolution during soldering is responsible for the formation of primary Cu 6 Sn 5 . The ENIG finish prevented Cu dissolution and the formation of Cu 6 Sn 5 resulting in higher solder joint strength for the Sn-3.5Ag/ENIG solder joints. The findings can be used to understand the evolution of primary Cu 6 Sn 5 and how it can be suppressed to improve joint strength.

Prior to 2006, the residents of Suka Mulia and Suka Damai villages in the Seulawah Valley Subdistrict faced challenges in accessing clean water. In response to this issue, the two villages collaborated through the Sub-district Development Program/Program Pengembangan Kecamatan (PPK) to construct a clean water network sourced from the Alur Mancang Spring, which is situated at the base of Mount Seulawah Agam. The construction of this clean water network was gradually completed in 2010, when house connections/sambungan rumah (SR) became available. Therefore, to maintain the catchment area to ensure the continuous availability of clean water and to campaign for the importance of protecting the area, the Forum Alur Mancang Saree (FAMS) was formed. The aim of this study was to evaluate and examine the water availability in the two Gampongs, which are drained by the Alur Mancang Saree Water Source Area, in light of the increasing population growth. To achieve this goal, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was employed to collect data through field observations, documentation studies, and in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using a water-carrying capacity analysis method based on the water balance concept. The results revealed that the Alur Mancang discharge (100 liters/second) is sufficient to meet the water needs (12.25 liters/second) of Gampong Suka Damai and Suka Mulia for the entire 10-year plan.

The increasing activity in Banda Aceh, the capital city of Aceh Province, has driven the growth of urban infrastructure and facilities to accommodate such activities. Physical development is marked by the transformation of land use into built-up areas. Increasing land prices in the city center have become a significant factor in the growth movement around Banda Aceh. This research aims to examine the growth distribution patterns around Banda Aceh and its spatial policies to optimize the environmental carrying capacity. The research begins with delineating new growth centers, followed by the classification of land use and land cover in 2013 and 2023, using supervised classification with six categories of land use and land cover. The classification results, in the form of land use and land cover maps, are tested for accuracy. Subsequently, an overlay is performed to identify patterns of urban activity development. The classification results indicate that from 2013 to 2023, the built-up area around the city increased by 484.60 hectares, or 14.58%, with most of the development directed towards the city’s eastern part. This urban growth has also led to a drastic decline in agricultural land by 47.41%. The change in land use is driven by urban development towards the eastern part of the city, spurred in part by changes in the spatial structure of Banda Aceh through the development of new central urban areas, fostering rapid economic activities and population growth in this area. The eastern urban area also includes agricultural land, which is highly vulnerable to conversion into urban areas. This research highlights the importance of spatial planning policies to control built-up land growth and mitigate the negative impacts of uncontrolled built-up land growth.

Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) refer to the intangible benefits derived from atural and semi-natural ecosystems, including aesthetic enjoyment, cultural identity, education, and recreation. This study aims to explore global research trends in CES from 2007 to 2023 through a bibliometric analysis of articles in the Scopus database. The data collection in this research involved retrieving 1,319 documents from the Scopus database using the search term “cultural ecosystem service”, followed by manual screening to exclude irrelevant publications. The data analysis utilized bibliometric methods with VOSviewer for knowledge mapping and network analysis, incorporating quantitative techniques such as co-occurrence, co-authorship, and citation analysis, as well as fractional and full counting approaches. The results show that CES research has grown significantly over the past decade, with the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, China, and Italy emerging as the leading nations in terms of publication output. Wageningen University was identified as the top institution producing CES-related research. The article “Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing trade-offs in diverse landscapes” by Raudsepp-Hearne et al. in 2010 received the highest number of citations. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the development and focus areas of CES research, highlighting the importance of collaboration across nations and disciplines. The findings suggest that future research should expand beyond current geographical clusters and address underrepresented regions to ensure a more holistic understanding of CES.