Explore the vast range of titles available.

Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a very rare syndrome displaying excessive bone erosion and vascular lesion. Due to the rarity of the disease and to the limited studies, its etiopathogenesis is not entirely known. The involvement of immune system in the progressive osteolysis was recently suggested. Indeed, extensive reciprocal interactions between the immune and skeletal systems have been demonstrated. This study aimed to evaluate alterations of immune cells in GSD. An increase of CD8+ cells and reduction of CD4+ and CD4+CD25+CD127 low cells was revealed in patients. Interestingly, patients’ regulatory T cells maintain the ability to respond to extracellular stimuli and to regulate osteoclastogenesis; GSD cells proliferate under aCD3/CD28 signal reaching similar levels to those observed in control culture and exert their immunomodulatory activity on effector T cells. GSD Treg cells preserved their inhibitory effects on the osteoclastogenesis. These results suggest that stimulation of Treg cells could open the way for the identification and testing of new therapeutic approaches for patients affected by GSD.

An 8-month-old infant presented with persistent stridor since the first month of life that began worsening during meals after he was weaned. A nasopharyngoscopy showed indirect signs of gastroesophageal reflux (\"cobblestone appearance\"). Antiacid therapy was started but there was no improvement. A bronchoscopy revealed a triangular appearance of the terminal part of the trachea due to a bulging lesion, synchronous to cardiac function.

In the ethics of relations between physicians and paediatric patients the question of autonomy and its corollary, consent, is crucial. While the importance attached to autonomy in the clinical setting is not the same as that accorded in research, it nonetheless assumes greater relevance when minors are involved, and a careful case-by-case assessment becomes obligatory.

After several decades during which children tended to be excluded from clinical trials, provisions to encourage trials with children have been in place for some years both at international level and in individual countries. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics has published a broad-ranging report on the subject, which makes concrete proposals for decision-makers and comes at a crucial moment in the definition of European Union regulations on this topic.

In the ethics of relations between physicians and paediatric patients the question of autonomy and its corollary, consent, is crucial. While the importance attached to autonomy in the clinical setting is not the same as that accorded in research, it nonetheless assumes greater relevance when minors are involved, and a careful case-by-case assessment becomes obligatory.

After several decades during which children tended to be excluded from clinical trials, provisions to encourage trials with children have been in place for some years both at international level and in individual countries. The Nuffield Council on Bioethics has published a broad-ranging report on the subject, which makes concrete proposals for decision-makers and comes at a crucial moment in the definition of European Union regulations on this topic.

Several candidates' genes have been proposed but aetiology remains unknown. 2 Differential diagnosis should include a surgical history of spinal fusion, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva and osteomyelitis. 3 Treatment is based on the management of commonly associated symptoms, which include neck and/or back pain, radiculopathy and/or myelopathy.