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Elevated postprandial glycemic responses (PPGRs) are associated with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. PPGRs to the same foods have been shown to vary between individuals, but systematic characterization of the underlying physiologic and molecular basis is lacking. We measured PPGRs using continuous glucose monitoring in 55 well-phenotyped participants challenged with seven different standard carbohydrate meals administered in replicate. We also examined whether preloading a rice meal with fiber, protein or fat (‘mitigators’) altered PPGRs. We performed gold-standard metabolic tests and multi-omics profiling to examine the physiologic and molecular basis for interindividual PPGR differences. Overall, rice was the most glucose-elevating carbohydrate meal, but there was considerable interindividual variability. Individuals with the highest PPGR to potatoes (potato-spikers) were more insulin resistant and had lower beta cell function, whereas grape-spikers were more insulin sensitive. Rice-spikers were more likely to be Asian individuals, and bread-spikers had higher blood pressure. Mitigators were less effective in reducing PPGRs in insulin-resistant as compared to insulin-sensitive participants. Multi-omics signatures of PPGR and metabolic phenotypes were discovered, including insulin-resistance-associated triglycerides, hypertension-associated metabolites and PPGR-associated microbiome pathways. These results demonstrate interindividual variability in PPGRs to carbohydrate meals and mitigators and their association with metabolic and molecular profiles. Deep phenotyping of responses to carbohydrate meals and mitigators revealed interindividual differences in postprandial glycemic responses that reflect underlying metabolic physiology, such as insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction.

Security vulnerabilities of the modern Internet of Things (IoT) systems are unique, mainly due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the technology and data. The risks born out of these IoT systems cannot easily fit into an existing risk framework. There are many cybersecurity risk assessment approaches and frameworks that are under deployment in many governmental and commercial organizations. Extending these existing frameworks to IoT systems alone will not address the new risks that have arisen in the IoT ecosystem. This study has included a review of existing popular cyber risk assessment methodologies and their suitability to IoT systems. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation, Threat Assessment & Remediation Analysis, and International Standards Organization are the four main frameworks critically analyzed in this research study. IoT risks are presented and reviewed in terms of the IoT risk category and impacted industries. IoT systems in financial technology and healthcare are dealt with in detail, given their high-risk exposure. Risk vectors for IoT and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) are discussed in this study. A unique risk ranking method to rank and quantify IoT risk is introduced in this study. This ranking method initiates a risk assessment approach exclusively for IoT systems by quantifying IoT risk vectors, leading to effective risk mitigation strategies and techniques. A unique computational approach to calculate the cyber risk for IoT systems with IoT-specific impact factors has been designed and explained in the context of IoMT systems.

Providing reliable communications in a remotely monitored large-scale deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks is a challenging task. In this paper, we deal with such a deployment to monitor a landslide prone zone where the nodes sense geological attributes essential for early warning. The deployment area is a hilly mountain with different demographic characteristics. Establishing network connectivity in this deployment site for real-time streaming of sensor data involves dealing with site specific challenges such as asymmetric links, dynamic network conditions due to rough weather, inadequate solar power, network fail-over and re-connection problem etc. Our deployment makes use of only a few number of relay nodes for connecting the wireless sensor network to a field management center through an IoT gateway. The field management center makes use of multiple fault-tolerant WAN networks to relay the data to a remote central data management center for deep data analysis and for generating early warnings prior to a catastrophic event. This paper provides insights into our experiences from successful deployment of a WSN system and reports real-time measurements taken in the field for ensuring network reliability. Evaluation of our system reflects that the network is able to provide reliable communication by providing a fail-over for streaming data with less than a minute to re-establish the connection and the gateway software is capable of handling heterogeneous sensor readings at a rate up-to 1700/s within a latency of 10 s while delivering the data to the data center. The system also achieves highly accurate time synchronization in the order of microseconds throughout the network.

Addressing the inadequacy of medical facilities in rural communities and the high number of patients affected by ailments that need to be treated immediately is of prime importance for all countries. The various recent healthcare emergency situations bring out the importance of telemedicine and demand rapid transportation of patients to nearby hospitals with available resources to provide the required medical care. Many current healthcare facilities and ambulances are not equipped to provide real-time risk assessment for each patient and dynamically provide the required medical interventions. This work proposes an IoT-based mobile medical edge (IM2E) node to be integrated with wearable and portable devices for the continuous monitoring of emergency patients transported via ambulances and it delves deeper into the existing challenges, such as (a) a lack of a simplified patient risk scoring system, (b) the need for architecture that enables seamless communication for dynamically varying QoS requirements, and (c)the need for context-aware knowledge regarding the effect of end-to-end delay and the packet loss ratio (PLR) on the real-time monitoring of health risks in emergency patients. The proposed work builds a data path selection model to identify the most effective path through which to route the data packets in an effective manner. The signal-to-noise interference ratio and the fading in the path are chosen to analyze the suitable path for data transmission.

Applying large quantities of fly ash for the production of High Early Strength Concrete (HESC) is a challenge for researchers in the utilization of quality, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly materials. A high volume of fly ash in concrete, however, reduces the initial compressive strength of the concrete. For this reason, it is necessary to use admixture additives in the concrete mixture to get the expected performance. This research seeks to identify the optimal HESC mix design using fly ash 50% of the total cementitious by adding a superplasticizer and accelerator to obtain a high initial compressive strength. Three variations of HESC, namely HESC-12, HESC-14, and HESC-16, were made using a superplasticizer and accelerator with different doses. Each variation uses 12 liters of superplasticizer and different accelerator volumes: 12 liters, 14 liters, and 16 liters. Specimen testing was carried out on fresh and hard concrete. Fresh concrete was subjected to a slump test, whereas hard concrete was subjected to compressive tests at 18 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, and 28 days of age. The average slump flow values for HESC-12, HESC-14, and HESC-16 (cm) were 78, 79.5, and 80, respectively, demonstrating that all HESC samples are classified as self-compacting concrete (SCC). According to the results of density tests conducted on all specimens ranging from 2461 to 2538 kg/m3, all specimens are included in the category of normal-weight concrete. Within the range of 29.8 to 35.3 MPa for the initial compressive strength of HESC at 24 hours of age, it can be concluded that all HESC specimens fulfill the criteria for high early-strength concrete. The addition of the right type and dosage of chemical admixture is a solution to overcome the weakness of applying fly ash in high-early-strength concrete.

LASBUTAG is one of the surface layers in road construction which consists of a mixture of Asbuton, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and rejuvenating material, which is stirred, spread out and cold compacted. The modifier used 60/70 penetration petroleum bitumen which was cured for ± 3-5 days until dilute petroleum bitumen and lawele granular asbuton were cured with pertalite for ± 24 hours to remove the bitumen content. Variations in the asphalt content used are 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3% and 3.5% with 3 x 6 test objects for standard marshall 18 pieces and 6 pieces for Marshall immersion so the total test objects made of 24 cylindrical pieces with a volume of 1200 grams. The results showed that all Marshall characteristics obtained had an effect on Marshall Stability, VMA and Marshall Quotient, but had less effect on (VIM), from variations of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3% and 3.5% used for stability. The marshall, VMA, VIM and marshall quotient tested all met the standards except for the variation of 3% and 3.5% which did not meet the VIM values for the standards used. And from the variations that meet the stability requirements, VMA, VIM and Marshall quotient are 1.75% variation (Optimum Asphalt Content) and Marshall immersion index (IP) of 95.66%.

A lot of damage to building structures due to earthquakes is damage to column components that serve as vertical elements to pass the load to the foundation. Ductility is one of the parameters that must be owned by the column and as part of the column, longitudinal reinforcement is part of the column element that is quite vital and one of the parameters that can be studied is the distribution of strains that occur in longitudinal reinforcement when burdened with cyclic loads. In this study, a study of the ductility and distribution of strain values occurred in the reinforcement of control columns and retrofit columns with wire mesh size M6. From the test results in can be that on the column that is retrofit with wire mesh and SCC experienced an increase in the value of ductility. While the strain value on the reinforcement of the control column and retrofit column tends to enlarge when it is in the plastic hinge area of the column. In the control column the strain value that occurs in the plastic hinge area is greater than the strain value in the retrofit column, so that in the control column the plastic hinge mechanism has begun to form, while in the retrofit column the plastic hinge mechanism has not been formed due to higher stiffness.

The used of fine aggregate as concrete mixture in building construction is certainly inseparable from the availability of materials. One area that has abundant reserved of fine aggregate was in Lembang Marinding, Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi Province which can be used as fine aggregate in concrete mixture. This research was conducted to determine the compressive strength of concrete from Lembang Marinding sand which was classified as mountain sand as concrete mixture. This research method was carried out experimentally in the laboratory, which was this study aims to obtain the physical properties of the material and which will be used in concrete mixture with a concrete quality plan of f’c 25 MPa. To obtained the results, a series of tests were carried out on 15 cm × 30 cm concrete cylindrical specimens based on Indonesia requirements, SNI 03-2847-2019 standard, to produce compressive strength of concrete. The results showed that the use of natural sand (mountain sand) from Lembang Marinding can be used as fine aggregate in the concrete mixture. The average compressive strength of the concrete produced at the age of 28 days was 26.83 MPa. The compressive strength results obtained have met the planned concrete quality in this research.

Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, is an area that has a source of material in the form of river aggregate which was classified as igneous rock in Mata Allo River. However, the use of river stone so far has only been limited as to building materials and has not been used as coarse aggregate in asphalt mixtures. The use of river stone which had been underutilized is also based on the fact that there is no research on this aggregate. This study aims to determine the feasibility of Mata Allo River aggregate that can be used as coarse aggregate in the asphalt concrete binder course (AC-BC) mixture against the Marshall test. This research was conducted by testing the characteristics of coarse aggregate based on the standards of Highways, Indonesia. The composition of the AC-BC mixture as a result of aggregate gradation were 50.00% of coarse aggregate, 45.15% of fine aggregate and 5.85% of filler, respectively. AC-BC mixture were produced using petroleum bitumen of 60/70 grade penetration at variations in asphalt content of 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, and 6.0%. Based on the results of the study, the Mata Allo River Aggregate which is classified as igneous rock is suitable for use as road material with flexible pavement construction for the AC-BC mixture resulting from laboratory testing, where the Marshall characteristic test results for the mixture meet the specifications of Bina Marga, Indonesia.

A wide-scale outdoor remote deployment involves a large number of low-cost nodes that are powered by green energy, such as solar. We deal with such a system for landslide monitoring where the tiny nodes with ultra-low memory as little as 2 KB are directly connected to the Internet using cellular networks, thereby constituting Cellular IoT’s (C-IoT). This makes them vulnerable to a wide range of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks during their collaborative communications. Further, due to memory constraints, the nodes are not able to run resource-hungry security algorithms. Existing IoT protocols also cannot offer resiliency to DoS attacks for these memory-constrained devices. This paper proposes the Voice Response Internet of Things (VRITHI), which addresses the above issues by using the voice channel between the nodes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first solution in the IoT domain where both the voice and data channels are being used for collaborative communications. Evaluation results demonstrate that VRITHI is able to reduce external DoS attacks from 82–65% to less than 28% and improves real-time communications in such a memory-constrained environment. In addition, it also contributes to green IoT energy saving by more than 50% in comparison with other IoT protocols.