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The aim of this study is to examine the synergistic effect of a ternary blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel, pentanol, and diesel, combined with the catalytic activity of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. While extensive research has been conducted on binary fuel blends (e.g., biodiesel-diesel), studies exploring the combined effect of three fuels i.e. biodiesel (from waste cooking oil), a higher alcohol (pentanol), and diesel is less common. This study investigates the potential benefits of using this specific combination in a diesel engine, with the goal of improving combustion and reducing emissions. A key focus of the study is identifying the optimal concentration of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles to achieve maximum performance and emission reduction in the ternary blend. All experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with ASTM standards. Biodiesel was produced through the transesterification process, and the sample blends were prepared accordingly. The fuel properties of the blends were found to be within the recommended limits. The samples were evaluated in a 4-stroke, constant-speed, DI diesel engine. An optimization analysis of the experimental results was performed using Taguchi/Grey relational analysis to determine the best combination of blend ratios and operating conditions. The most effective combination for butanol-based ternary blends was Bu10B30D60 with 50 ppm of nano-additive at 50% engine load. Similarly, for pentanol-based ternary blends (Pe10B30D60), the optimal condition was with 50 ppm of nano-additive at 100% load, while for propanol-based blends (Pr10B30D60), the optimal condition was at 0% load with the same nanoparticle concentration. According to the findings, ternary blends containing pentanol and waste cooking oil biodiesel demonstrated significantly better performance and lower emissions compared to the other blends.

Among the renewable forms of energy, solar energy is a convincing, clean energy and acceptable worldwide. Solar PV plants, both ground mounting and the rooftop, are mushrooming thought the world. One of the significant challenges is the fault identification of the solar PV module, since a vast power plant condition monitoring of individual panels is cumbersome. This paper attempts to identify the panel using a thermal imaging system and processes the thermal images using the image processing technique. An ordinary and thermal image has been processed in the image processing tool and proved that thermal images record the hot spots. Similarly, the new and aged solar photovoltaic panels were compared in the image processing technique since any fault in the panel has been recorded as hot spots. The image recorded in the aged panels records hot spots, and performance has been analyzed using conventional metrics. The experimental results have also been verified.

This study critically focuses on the recent trends concerning ammonium perchlorate (AP) based solid rocket propellants with nano-additives, focusing on their thermal and kinetic parameters such as activation energy, burning rate, thermal decomposition temperature, and apparent heat of thermal decomposition, providing a brief overview of the overall efficiency of the propellant, and can be used as a baseline for further research. Although AP is one of the most widely used solid rocket propellants, it suffers from low burning rates, thermal sensitivity at high temperatures, catalytic decomposition, sensitivity to shock and friction, and lower combustion efficiency as a whole, including environmental concerns due to its emission of hydrochloric acid on combustion, which not only affects its efficiency but also its marketability as industries related to aerospace and defence focus mainly on high-efficiency propulsion solutions. Nano-additives varying between metallic forms, represented by aluminium, iron oxide (Fe2O3), and magnesium, and non-metallic forms based on graphene and carbon nanotubes-focus on enhancing the thermal and kinetic parameters of AP while reducing the toxic fumes released. The key findings from this review include a significant reduction in decomposition temperature and activation energy, along with a general increase in burning rate and heat of decomposition, which yields a much more efficient propellant. Using metal-based (e.g., Fe2O3) and carbon-based (e.g., graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes) additives can reduce HCl emissions from AP combustion by 35–60% compared to baseline formulations, lowering exhaust chlorine content from 19 wt% to below 8–12 wt%, meeting environmental acceptability thresholds for aerospace applications.

Biodiesel is a renewable, clean-burning diesel replacement that can be used in existing diesel engines without modification. Biodiesel is among the nation’s first domestically developed and economically usable advanced biofuels. Throughout the field of biodiesel including FAME/FAGE diesel variants, the concentrations of close to around 20% conform to every requirement out from the existing fuel content guidelines. Larger blending ratios are essential for hydrotreated vegetable oil blends to lubricity enhancers. Of organic biobutanol blends, the suggested blending ratio is restricted to 10% or less to prevent high water content and low cetane content. Here, the presented survey intends to make a review of 65 papers that concerns with biodiesel blends. Accordingly, systematic analyses of the adopted techniques are carried out and presented briefly. In addition, the performances and related maximum achievements of each contribution are also portrayed in this survey. Moreover, the chronological assessment and various blends of biodiesel in the considered papers are reviewed in this work. Finally, the survey portrays numerous research problems and weaknesses that may be helpful for researchers to introduce prospective studies on biodiesel blends.

Pyrolysis is the most important thermochemical process that can be used for the production of biofuel, from wood and wood-based lignocellulosic materials. In this study, bio-oil is produced from the bio-weed named Ficus religiosa by the thermal pyrolysis process by utilizing laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor. This study deals with the production of maximum bio-oil by optimizing process parameters such as process temperature, particle size, and sweep gas flow rate. Further different analytical techniques were used to describe the properties of bio-oil for different applications. Wood and wood barks of Ficus religiosa were chosen as the raw material due to their higher volatile content (72.4%). The maximum yield of 47.5 wt% bio-oil was collected at the optimized operating conditions of 450°C temperature, 1.0 mm particle size, and 2.0 m3/h sweep gas flow rate. Compared with other operating parameters, temperature is observed as the most significant one to determine the product yield. Through chromatographic analysis, it was identified that the bio-oil is found with the variety of chemical compounds including alcohols, alkenes, phenols, saturated fatty acids, and esters.

Biodegradable composites encompass a diverse array of hybrid materials consisting of at least two phases, wherein either the fillers, matrix, or both are derived from biodegradable sources. The significance of degradability becomes paramount in applications like orthopaedic implants, aiming to obviate the necessity for a secondary surgery to remove implanted accessories post-healing. In this context, magnesium and its alloys emerge as highly promising candidates due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, biodegradability, non-toxic nature and mechanical properties that closely resemble those of natural bone. Despite their advantageous attributes, magnesium alloys encounter a notable drawback - low corrosion resistance, thereby impacting their mechanical and physical characteristics. To address this limitation, a strategic approach involves the development of a Mg-Zn matrix composite, reinforced with CazOgP> (P-Tricalcium Phosphate). The goal of this improvement is to make biodegradable magnesium alloys more mechanically strong and bioactive, making them more robust and resilient in practical applications. The objective of this work is to create a composite material with a Mg-Zn matrix reinforced by CazOsP> that will increase the mechanical strength and bioactivity of biodegradable magnesium alloys. This innovative approach aims to optimize the material's performance and the research involves a comprehensive investigation into the mechanical behaviour of the resulting composite. The dynamic compression plate is designed using CATIA V5 and the stress and strain analysis for different loading conditions are carried out in ANSYS.

The aim of this study is to examine the synergistic effect of a ternary blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel, pentanol, and diesel, combined with the catalytic activity of Al O nanoparticles in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. While extensive research has been conducted on binary fuel blends (e.g., biodiesel-diesel), studies exploring the combined effect of three fuels i.e. biodiesel (from waste cooking oil), a higher alcohol (pentanol), and diesel is less common. This study investigates the potential benefits of using this specific combination in a diesel engine, with the goal of improving combustion and reducing emissions. A key focus of the study is identifying the optimal concentration of Al O nanoparticles to achieve maximum performance and emission reduction in the ternary blend. All experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with ASTM standards. Biodiesel was produced through the transesterification process, and the sample blends were prepared accordingly. The fuel properties of the blends were found to be within the recommended limits. The samples were evaluated in a 4-stroke, constant-speed, DI diesel engine. An optimization analysis of the experimental results was performed using Taguchi/Grey relational analysis to determine the best combination of blend ratios and operating conditions. The most effective combination for butanol-based ternary blends was Bu10B30D60 with 50 ppm of nano-additive at 50% engine load. Similarly, for pentanol-based ternary blends (Pe10B30D60), the optimal condition was with 50 ppm of nano-additive at 100% load, while for propanol-based blends (Pr10B30D60), the optimal condition was at 0% load with the same nanoparticle concentration. According to the findings, ternary blends containing pentanol and waste cooking oil biodiesel demonstrated significantly better performance and lower emissions compared to the other blends.

Distributed Generation (DG) penetration in distribution networks has increased dramatically in recent years as power markets have improved. Aside from serving loads locally, the installation of DG has a number of technical advantages, including improved voltage profile and lower network loss. Using an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) in conjunction with DGs maximizes technological benefits. This study investigates the influence of DG and AVR placement with the purpose of decreasing network losses. The Ant Bee Colony (ABC) solves the optimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is proven with a standard IEEE 69-bus distribution network.