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Introduction: Cholinergic-associated diseases currently constitute a significant cause of neurological and neurodegenerative disabilities. As the drugs are not efficient in improving the suffered tissues, stem cell treatment is considered an effective strategy for substituting the lost cells.Methods: In the current study, we set out to investigate the differentiation properties of human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AD-MSCs) into cholinergic-like cells by two morphogens of Retinoic Acid (RA) and Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) using a three-step in vitro procedure. The results were evaluated using real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry for two weeks.Results: Our data showed that the cells could express cholinergic specific markers, including Islet-1, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), SMI-32, and Nestin, at mRNA and protein levels. We could also quantitatively evaluate the expression of Islet-1, AChE, and Nestin at 14 days post-induction using flow cytometry.Conclusion: Human AD-MSCs are potent cells to differentiate into cholinergic-like cells in the presence of RA and Shh through a three-step protocol. Thus, they could be a suitable cell candidate for the regeneration of cholinergic-associated diseases. However, more functional and electrophysiological analyses are needed in this regard.

Cholinergic associated diseases currently are major cause of neurological and neurodegenerative disabilities. As the drugs are not efficient in improving the suffered tissues, stem cell treatment is considered as an effective strategy for substituting the lost cells. In the current study, we set out to investigate the differentiation properties of human adipose-derived mensenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) into cholinergic-like cells by two morphogens; including retinoid acid (RA) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) using a three- step in vitro procedure. The results were evaluated using Real-time PCR, Flowcytometry and Immunocytochemistry for two weeks. Our data showed that the cells could express cholinergic specific markers; including Islet-1, AChE, SMI-32 and Nestin at the level of mRNA and protein. We could also quantitatively evaluate the expression of Islet-1, AChE and Nestin at 14 days post- induction using flowcytometry. It is concluded that human AD-MSCs are potent type cell to differentiate into cholinergic like cells in the presence of RA and Shh through a three- step protocol; thus it could be a suitable cell candidate for regeneration of cholinergic associated diseases; however, more functional and electrophysiological analysis are needed.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common type of cancer and the leading cause of death among men worldwide. Preventing the progression of cancer after treatments such as radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy is a major concern faced by prostate cancer patients. Inflammation, which can be caused by various factors such as infections, the microbiome, obesity and a high-fat diet, is considered to be the main cause of PC. Inflammatory cells are believed to play a crucial role in tumor progression. Therefore, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs along with their effects on the treatment of inflammation-related diseases, can prevent cancer and its progression by suppressing various inflammatory pathways. Recent evidence shows that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are effective in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the different pathways through which these drugs exert their potential preventive and therapeutic effects on prostate cancer.