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Background Health insurance ownership is one indicator of the readiness of pregnant women for the delivery process. The study aimed to analyze the determinants of health insurance ownership among pregnant women in Indonesia. Methods The study population was pregnant women in Indonesia. The study involved 2542 pregnant women in Indonesia. The variables analyzed included type of place of residence, age group, education level, employment status, marital status, parity, wealth status, and know the danger signs of pregnancy. In the final step, the study employed binary logistic regression to explain the relationship between health insurance ownership and predictor variables. Results The results show that pregnant women with higher education were 3.349 times more likely than no education pregnant women to have health insurance. Pregnant women with wealth status in the middle category were 0.679 times the poorest pregnant women to have health insurance. Meanwhile, the richest pregnant women had 1.358 times more chances than the poorest pregnant women to have health insurance. Grande multiparous pregnant women were 1.544 times more likely than primiparous pregnant women to have health insurance. Pregnant women who know the danger signs of pregnancy were 1.416 times more likely than pregnant women who don’t see the danger signs of pregnancy to have health insurance. Conclusions The study concluded that four variables, including education level, wealth status, parity, and knowledge of the danger signs of pregnancy, were significant determinants of health insurance ownership in Indonesia.

Background Adolescent girls might suffer physical and psychological harm from early marriage. Meanwhile, a good education can make women more independent in making decisions for their good. The study analyzes the role of education level in early marriage among adolescents in Indonesia’s rural areas. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed 4,360 respondents. It used early marriage as an outcome variable, education level as an exposure variable, and six control variables (age, employment, socioeconomic status, age of the first sexual intercourse, access to family planning (FP) information from print media, and access to FP from electronic media). The study used a binary logistics regression in the final test. Results The study shows that the average early marriage among adolescent girls in Indonesia’s rural areas was 11.9%. Teenage girls in elementary school were 448.926 times more likely than college girls to experience early marriage (AOR 448.926; 95% CI 36.384-5539.050). Meanwhile, adolescent girls in junior high school were 146.171 times more likely to experience early marriage than college girls (AOR 146.171; 95% CI 13.140-1625.997). Moreover, adolescent girls in senior high school were 21.355 times more likely than those in college to perform an early marriage (AOR 21.355; 95% CI 2.017-226.067). Conclusions The study concluded that education level had a role in early marriage in Indonesia’s rural areas. The higher the education, the lower the probability of experiencing early marriage.

Background Indonesia is the third country in Southeast Asia with the highest maternal mortality ratio. In its remotest area, Papua, pregnant women still face limited access to safe delivery in health facilities, despite being covered by national health insurance. Objective This study examined the factors associated with institutional delivery in the Papua Region, Indonesia. Methods This cross-sectional study analysed 2,275 women aged 15 or older who had given birth in the last five years. The outcome variable was institutional delivery, while nine independent variables were assessed: province, residence, age, marital status, education, employment, wealth, parity, and completeness of antenatal care (ANC). Binary logistic regression was used to identify associated factors. Additionally, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was employed to map disparities in institutional delivery across the region. Results The overall coverage of institutional delivery in the Papua Region was 50.1%. Coastal areas showed higher prevalence, while the Central Mountains region had the lowest coverage. Institutional delivery was significantly associated with all nine independent variables. Women with lower education and without partners were less likely to deliver in health facilities, even when financially covered by health insurance. Conclusions The findings suggest that a combination of demographic, socioeconomic, and healthcare access factors influences the use of institutional delivery in Papua. Improving access requires multisectoral strategies, including infrastructure development, health education, and equitable healthcare delivery, particularly for women in remote and underserved areas.

Background: Society placed women living in the men's world as inferior. Poverty as a stressor for men has the opportunity to make women victims of violence from their partners. The study aimed to analyze the effects of poverty on the risk of intimate partner violence among married women in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: The samples used were married women aged 15-49 years old. The weighted sample size was 34,086 women. Besides intimate partner violence as the dependent variable, other variables analyzed as independent variables were wealth status, residence, age, education, employment, living with in-laws, and recent sexual activity. The study employs binary logistic regression to determine intimate partner violence risk in the final stage. Results: The results show the poorest married women were 1.382 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Married women with wealthy status in the lower category were 1.320 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Married women with a wealthy group in the middle class were 1.262 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Married women with wealthy status in the more decadent category were 1.132 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Conclusion: The study concluded that poverty was a risk factor for intimate partner violence among married women in Indonesia. The lower the socioeconomic status, the greater the risk of intimate partner violence.

Background The stigma experienced by cancer patients stems from the association of cancer with death, as cancer is the most feared disease worldwide, especially among cancer patients and their families. The stigma regarding breast cancer screening behaviour has not been critically evaluated and is poorly understood; therefore, we aimed to analyse the stigmatization of breast cancer patients in Indonesia to reduce the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer. Methods A qualitative study using a focus group discussion (FGD) and in-depth interviews with thematic analysis was conducted. Results One informant experienced breast pain and kept the referral letter, in which the medical doctor advised medical treatment, to herself for 3 months due to her embarrassment. A traditional healing practice known as ‘ kerokan ’, which involves scraping of the skin, and consumption of a traditional drink were used by most informants to decrease their breast pain. Finally, most informants were diagnosed with an advanced stage of cancer when they returned to the health care facility. In addition, financial difficulties were noted as barriers to breast cancer screening in Indonesia. Conclusions Feelings of fear and shame when diagnosed with breast cancer were reported by the informants in this study. Alternative treatment known as ‘ kerokan’ was the first treatment sought for breast cancer symptoms due to financial difficulties among breast cancer patients. Informants were diagnosed with an advanced stage of cancer after they returned to the health care facility. A better understanding of early breast cancer symptoms could motivate women to seek out breast cancer treatment.

Background: Involvement in antenatal care (ANC) is one of the husband's responsibilities for his wife's health. Objective: This study analyzed the contribution of the husband's education level to his involvement in ANC visits among poor households. Methods: The study employed secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. The study analyzed 6429 respondents. The analysis units were poor women aged 15-49 years, had a husband, and had ever been pregnant for the past 5 years. Besides husband's education, other independent variables analyzed were residence, husband's age and occupation, and wife's parity. The analysis used a binary logistic regression test in the final step. Results: Husbands with a primary education record were 1.381 times more likely to participate in ANC visits than those without education. Husbands who had secondary education were 2.339 times more likely to get involved in ANC visits than those without education records. Moreover, husbands who had higher education were 3.376 times more likely to be engaged in ANC visits than those without education records. Conclusions: The study concludes that better education levels will be more likely to motivate husbands to get involved in ANC visits.

Background: Indonesia has moral norms consider pregnancy among unmarried women a disgrace. The study analyzes the factors influencing unintended pregnancies among unmarried women in Indonesia. Material and Methods: The study examined 1,050 women. The author analyzed unintended pregnancy and six other variables (residence, age, education, employment, wealth, and parity). Multivariate analysis used binary logistic regression. Results: 15.5% of unmarried women in Indonesia have experienced an unintended pregnancy. Women living in urban areas are more likely to experience unintended pregnancies than women in rural areas. The 15-19 have the highest chance of experiencing an unintended pregnancy. Education is a protective factor from unintended pregnancy. Employed women are 1.938 times more likely than unemployed. Poverty is a risk factor for experiencing an unintended pregnancy. Multiparous is 4.095 times more likely than primiparous. Conclusion: The study identified six variables that affect unintended pregnancy among unmarried women in Indonesia: residence, age, education, employment, wealth, and parity.

Indonesia is a large country with a big share of the world’s population. The fertility rate can vary in different areas caused of some factors, including culture, socioeconomic status, education, social support, etc. This research analyzed the census data in 2010, examining the fertility rate differential in urban and rural areas in Indonesia using the Brass method. The method estimated indirect estimation of the fertility rate, including adjusted age-specific fertility rate (ASFR), adjusted total fertility, and adjusted birth rate. The descriptive analysis explained the fertility situation in Indonesia’s urban and rural areas. The result revealed that the adjusted ASFR in urban areas was higher than in rural areas when women were aged 25-39, while in the rural areas, the adjusted ASFR was higher than in the urban area when women were aged 15-24. The estimated number of birth have a similar pattern with adjusted ASFR. Rural regions have higher total fertility, birth rate, and general fertility rates than urban residents. Marriage status and contraceptive use impact fertility differences between urban and rural areas. In conclusion, rural areas had a higher fertility rate than urban areas based on the Indonesian census 2010.

Background: Modern contraceptive methods are considered more reliable for preventing and spacing pregnancy than traditional methods in sexual activity. The study aimed to analyze the association between recent sexual activity and the use of modern contraceptive methods among married/cohabiting women in Indonesia. Design: The samples used were married/cohabiting women aged 15-49 years old. The sample size was 34,467 women. The variables analyzed included modern contraceptive use, recent sexual activity, age groups, marital status, education level, and wealth status. Analysis using multinomial logistic regression. Results: It was found that women who were sexually not active last 4 weeks had the likely to use modern contraceptive non-LARC (long-acting reversible contraceptives) 0.416 times compared to women who were sexually active last 4 weeks. Women who were sexually active last 4 weeks were more likely to use modern contraceptive LARC 0.535 times than women who were sexually active last 4 weeks. The results of this analysis inform that women who are sexually active last 4 weeks have a higher possibility to use modern contraceptives, both non-LARC and LARC types. Conclusions: Based on the results of the research analysis it could be concluded that recent sexual activity was associated with modern contraceptive use among married/cohabiting women in Indonesia. Significance for public health We demonstrated the potential for the effects of sexual activity on the use of modern contraceptive methods among childbearing age women in Indonesia. We assume that sexual activity is one of the strong predictors of the use of modern contraceptive methods. In this article we analyze sexual activity variables multivariately together with several other variables that have the potential to influence the use of modern contraceptive methods.

BackgroundThe long-acting reversible contraceptive method is one way to overcome the high population growth rate. The long-term contraception method is more efficient to regulate pregnancy because it can be used for a long period of time and is safer and more effective and the failure rate is relatively low at 0.2 per 100 users. The strong patriarchal culture in the Special Region of Yogyakarta is one of the factors that determine the wife's decision to use the long-term contraception method. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of knowledge, attitudes, and support from husbands in the use of the LARC method in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. MethodThis study used secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) taking the Special Region of Yogyakarta province as a level of analysis or as a place of research. The population was all fertile couples aged 15–49 years as many as 123 couples. The sample was as many as 71 respondents who had made the inclusion criteria refer to criteria used in the 2017 IDHS, namely fertile age couple who used LARC and non-LARC contraception. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis.ResultsThe results showed that there is no relationship between husband's knowledge (p value = 0.330), husband's attitude (p value = 1.000), and husband's support (p value = 0.771) on the choice of LARC in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.ConclusionEven though in a patriarchal culture, husbands do not play a major role in contraceptive choices because of the presence of women empowerment and misinformation about the contraceptive method itself, close communication between husband and wife and the socialization of LARC by health workers is expected to increase its use.