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In the current study, a breast tumor xenograft was established in athymic nude mice by subcutaneous injection of the MCF-7 cell line and assessed the tumor progression by photoacoustic spectroscopy combined with machine learning tools. The advancement of breast tumors in nude mice was validated by tumor volume kinetics and histopathology and corresponding image analysis by TissueQuant software compared to controls. The ex vivo tumors in progressive conditions belonging to time points, day 5th, 10th, 15th & 20th, were excited with 281 nm pulsed laser light and recorded the corresponding photoacoustic spectra in time domain. The spectra were then pre-processed, augmented for a 10-fold increase in the data strength, and subjected to wavelet packet transformation for feature extraction and selection using MATLAB software. In the present study, the top 10 features from all the time point groups under study were selected based on their prediction ranking values using the mRMR algorithm. The chosen features of all the time-point groups were then subjected to multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms for learning and classifying into respective time point groups under study. The analysis demonstrated accuracy values of 95.2%, 99.5%, and 80.3% with SVM- Radial Basis Function (SVM-RBF), SVM-Polynomial & SVM-Linear, respectively. The serum metabolomic levels during tumor progression complemented photoacoustic patterns of tumor progression, depicting breast cancer pathophysiology. The current study reports the assessment of tumor progression in athymic nude mice by Photoacoustic spectroscopy-based machine learning tools. The progressive tumors were classified using multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms with 99.5% accuracy. The serum metabolomic levels during tumor progression complemented photoacoustic spectral features, depicting breast cancer pathophysiology.

Numb chin syndrome (NCS) is a sensory neuropathy presenting with numbness of the chin in the distribution of the mental nerve and the branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Though it can be caused by a benign process, NCS should be regarded as being due to malignancy until proven otherwise. Among the malignancies that cause NCS the most common are breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lymphoreticular malignancy. In squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus, spread to the mandible is a rare and often late event. An often overlooked clinical sign in mandibular metastases is hypoesthesia or paresthesia over the peripheral distribution of the inferior alveolar nerve/mental nerve; this sign has been referred to in the literature as NCS or numb lip syndrome or mental nerve neuropathy. Rarely, this may be the first presentation of a disseminated malignancy. Prognosis is usually poor. The discovery of this symptom should alert the clinician to the possibility of disseminated disease. In this article we report a rare case of metastatic SCC of the esophagus in a 40-year-old male patient who presented with NCS. We also review the mechanism, causes, and evaluation of NCS.

Even though, a large number of serological, molecular markers have been proposed for breast cancer screening, most of them lack specificity, sensitivity, prognostic value, and cost effectiveness. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and its genes are aberrantly expressed in a variety of human cancers. It has-been linked to tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. Zinc (Zn) is a cofactor for superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that protects cellular components against free radical-induced damage and carcinogenesis. Therefore, the aim of present study was to estimate and compare serum BChE and serum Zn levels in healthy controls and biopsy proven breast cancer patients before definitive therapy. To estimate and compare serum BChE and serum Zn levels in healthy controls and biopsy proven breast cancer patients before definitive therapy. Serum BChE and Zn were estimated in 46 newly diagnosed (preoperative) female patients with breast cancer and 50 healthy female volunteers. Serum BChE and Zn were estimated by spectrophotometric method. Data was expressed as median and inter quartile range. Comparisons between different stages of cancer were done using Kruskal-Wallis test. There was a significant increase in serum BChE and Zn in breast cancer patients compared to controls (P < 0.001). Serum BChE showed a significant increase and Zn was significantly decreased in different stages of breast cancer. Both BChE and Zn are inexpensive and can easily be analyzed and may play a role in the management of breast cancer.

The present study was undertaken to explore and validate novel hypermethylated DNA regions in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCCT). Genome-wide methylation changes were identified by differential methylation hybridization (DMH) microarray and validated by bisulfite genome sequencing (BGS). The results were compared against datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (TCGA-HNSCC), Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE26549), and ArrayExpress (E-MTAB-1328). DMH identified 116 hypomethylated and 241 hypermethylated regions. Of the latter, 24 were localized to promoter or 5′-UTR regions. By BGS, promoter sequences of DAPK1 , LRPPRC , RAB6C , and ZNF471 were significantly hypermethylated in tumors when compared with matched normal tissues ( P  < 0.0001). A TCGA-HNSCC dataset (516 cases of cancer and 50 normal tissue samples) further confirmed hypermethylation of DAPK1 , RAB6C , and ZNF471 . Sensitivity and specificity of methylation markers for a diagnosis of cancer were in the range of 70–100% in our study and from TCGA-HNSCC datasets, with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.83 and above. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of TCGA-HNSCC expression data revealed that patients with low expressions of DAPK1 , RAB6C , and ZNF471 showed poorer survival than patients with high expression ( P  = 0.02). Human papillomavirus (HPV) was found in 55% of cases, HPV16 being the predominant genotype. DAPK1 immunohistochemical staining was lower in SCCT than in normal buccal epithelial cells. This is the first study to report hypermethylation of LRPPRC , RAB6C , and ZNF471 in SCCT and its diagnostic and prognostic potentials in a specific head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Background Oral cancer is a major public health challenge, along with other common diseases worldwide. Risk factors like tobacco usage and alcohol consumption have contributed towards the rise in the development of oral cancer cases. The low survival rate of oral cancer creates a necessity for early detection. At present, clinical examination followed by biopsy and histopathological-based assessment is considered the gold standard in the early diagnosis of oral cancer. However, it also holds drawbacks like invasiveness and time consumption in confirming a diagnosis, which have raised the need for other non-invasive diagnostic techniques. Spectroscopic techniques used as diagnostic tools are to collect the spectral signatures generated by endogenous fluorophore molecules in abnormal and healthy tissues upon excitation with a suitable wavelength. Objective The present review aimed to highlightthe potential application of non-invasive spectroscopic tools such as fluorescence spectroscopy in oral cancer detection and diagnosis and with a brief standpoint of the conventional techniques used in oral cancer diagnosis. Conclusion The review emphasizes the potentiality of spectroscopic techniques to replace conventional diagnostic procedures, given their minimally invasive or non-invasive approach, cost-effective nature, and ability to provide a diagnosis in real time.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women all over India and accounts for 25 to 31% of all cancer in women. Currently many markers are available for screening of this cancer which include cancer antigen 15-3, Cancer antigen 27.29 and carcinoembryonic antigen. But these markers are also elevated in conditions other than cancer. In this regard, there is a need to develop a biomarker which can indicate the occurrence of cancer and its prognosis. So we estimated serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and nitric oxide (NO) in breast cancer patients. Objective was measure and compare Serum BChE and NO levels in female breast cancer patients and age matched healthy controls and correlate serum levels of these markers with different stages of cancer. Ethics clearance was taken from Institutional ethics committee. Fifty histopathologically proven female breast cancer patient and 50 age and sex matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study after taking consent. Serum BChE was measured by modified Ellman's method serum NO was estimated by cadmium reduction method. We found a significant increase (P = [less than or equal to] 0.001) in serum BChE and serum NO levels in breast cancer patients compared to healthy controls. A significant positive correlation was found between serum BChE and stage of cancer. No correlation was found with levels of nitric oxide with stage of cancer. Serum BChE and nitric oxide may have a role in pathogenesis of breast cancer.

Metastasis to the oral cavity is a rare occurrence with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) being the third most common tumor to metastasize to this location. Buccal mucosa is rarely involved and in the absence of a known primary, such lesions pose a diagnostic challenge to the pathologist. The histomorphological features may mimic a primary salivary gland neoplasm adding to the dilemma. We present one such case of metastatic RCC of the buccal mucosa.

In the current study, a breast tumor xenograft was established in athymic nude mice by subcutaneous injection of the MCF-7 cell line and assessed the tumor progression by photoacoustic spectroscopy combined with machine learning tools. The advancement of breast tumors in nude mice was validated by tumor volume kinetics and histopathology and corresponding image analysis by TissueQuant software compared to controls. The ex vivo tumors in progressive conditions belonging to time points, day 5 , 10 , 15 & 20 , were excited with 281 nm pulsed laser light and recorded the corresponding photoacoustic spectra in time domain. The spectra were then pre-processed, augmented for a 10-fold increase in the data strength, and subjected to wavelet packet transformation for feature extraction and selection using MATLAB software. In the present study, the top 10 features from all the time point groups under study were selected based on their prediction ranking values using the mRMR algorithm. The chosen features of all the time-point groups were then subjected to multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms for learning and classifying into respective time point groups under study. The analysis demonstrated accuracy values of 95.2%, 99.5%, and 80.3% with SVM- Radial Basis Function (SVM-RBF), SVM-Polynomial & SVM-Linear, respectively. The serum metabolomic levels during tumor progression complemented photoacoustic patterns of tumor progression, depicting breast cancer pathophysiology. The current study reports the assessment of tumor progression in athymic nude mice by Photoacoustic spectroscopy-based machine learning tools. The progressive tumors were classified using multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms with 99.5% accuracy. The serum metabolomic levels during tumor progression complemented photoacoustic spectral features, depicting breast cancer pathophysiology.

As oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies recognized nowadays, its early detection helps to provide a good quality of life for the patients. Studies have correlated cholinesterase with tumorigenesis, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Butyrylcholinesterase has been used as a biochemical marker in the management of cervical cancer. Objective was to estimate serum butyrylcholinesterase levels in biopsy proven oral cancer patients before radiotherapy and compare it with that of respective post radiotherapy levels. 20 healthy controls and 39 OSCC patients (stage II n=8, stage III n=10, stage IV n=21) were included in the study. In cases, blood samples were collected before and after radiotherapy. The activities of butyrylcholinesterase were estimated. Serum butyrylcholinesterase levels were significantly elevated (P< 0.0001) in oral cancer patients as compared to that of controls. In oral cancer patients, there was a significant decrease in butyrylcholinesterase levels (P= 0.005) after radiotherapy irrespective of stage of cancer as compared respective pre radiotherapy levels. Radiotherapy decreased serum BChE levels of cancer patients significantly irrespective of stages as compared to their respective preradiotherapy levels. This implies a possible role for this parameter in prognosis of oral cancer patients

Sarcomas of the vulva account for only 1-3% of all vulvar malignancies. Most common vulvar sarcomas are leiomyosarcomas, malignant fibrohistiocytomas, and aggressive angiomyxomas. Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) of the kidney is a distinctive clinicopathological entity that is recognized as a highly aggressive renal tumor of childhood. Extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumors have been proposed to exist at several sites, including soft parts. MRT of the vulva is a rare and very aggressive neoplasm. Median survival reported in other studies is 9 months. Only 10 cases have been reported thus far in the English literature. We are reporting the 11 th case who remains disease free 30 months following surgery and radiotherapy till the time of reporting.