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Pasupuleti VR, Prasad TNVKV, Sheikh RA, et al. Int J Nanomedicine. 2013;8(1):3355- 3364. At the authors request, the Editor and Publisher of International Journal of Nanomedicine wish to retract the published article. Concerns were raised over alleged image manipulation in Figure 5 in which elements of the image appeared to have duplicated several times. The authors responded to our queries but were unable to provide a satisfactory explanation for the alleged image manipulation. The authors were able to provide the original images for Figure 5 but they could not be used as a replacement for a corrigendum and both the Editor and authors agreed to retract the article. Our decision-making was informed by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retraction. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as \"Retracted\". This retraction relates to this paper

Trade unions and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are important institutional mechanisms through which corporations undertake responsibility for their for-profit as well as not-for-profit actions. This study explores the roles of trade unions, management, and shareholders in influencing environmental, social, and governance (ESG) controversies and CSR reporting. Drawing on instrumental stakeholder theory, we argue that while management and shareholders typically focus on governance, profitability, and operational efficiency, trade unions act as critical relational stakeholders advocating for employee welfare and social sustainability. Using a sample of 416 firms over a period of 10 years, our findings reveal that trade unions significantly reduce ESG controversies and enhance CSR reporting by advocating for employee welfare and social sustainability. In contrast, management significantly impacts CSR reporting but notably does not influence ESG controversies. Lastly, shareholders, who are important for governance and profitability, exhibit minimal impact on both ESG controversies and CSR reporting.

PurposeThe study aims to examine the patterns of time allocated to paid employment activities by women in India as well as change in time allocating pattern of women over the period 1998 to 2019. In doing so, it attempts to highlight gender-asymmetry of time use and heterogeneity in time use of women residing in urban and rural areas as well as variations in time use by marital status, motherhood and age.Design/methodology/approachUsing unit-level data from two available Time Use Surveys (TUS) namely the Pilot Survey TUS 1998 and first nationally representative TUS 2019, the authors use Tobit model to estimate determinants of women’s time in employment. To explain the change in time spent on paid work by women over the two decades, the authors use counterfactual quantile regression decomposition.FindingsThe gender asymmetry in time allocation is stark, with women spending one fifth time compared to men paid employment activities. Over the two decades of interest, women’s time spent on employment activities in a day has reduced by half from around 4 h to 2 h, largely driven by rural women’s time. Regression results suggest the emergence of a “U-shaped” relationship between time spent on paid work and education of women. The counterfactual decomposition results suggest that women are spending lesser time on employment activities in 2019 than in 1998 across the time distribution.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to a novel understanding of time use by women in a developing country by analysing the changes in time use over two decades as well as distributional sensitivity to observed characteristics. The study informs about the intensive margins of female employment by incorporating dynamics of socio-economic development.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-03-2022-0164.

In modern era, deficiency of Vitamin D3 is predominantly due to limited exposure to sunlight and UV radiation resulting from indoor lifestyles. Several studies have revealed that vitamin D deficiency can lead to chronic vascular inflammation, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, congestive left ventricular hypertrophy, and heart failure. This study introduces a green synthesis of novel bimetallic nanoporous composite, CuO/Ag using lemon extract. The synthesized nanoporous material, CuO/Ag@lemon extract was characterized using several analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The CuO/Ag@lemon extract nanoparticles were immobilized on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to prepare modified CuO/Ag@lemon extract–GCE interface. The electrocatalytic and electrochemical properties investigation was carried out on the modified electrode. using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and amperometry for detecting of Vitamin D3. The DPV method displayed a linear response range of 0.02–22.5 µM with a detection limit of 2.62 nM, while the amperometric method showed a broader linear range of 0.25–23.25 µM with a detection limit of 2.70 nM with 82% modified electrode stability. The designed electrode exhibited a positive response to the inclusion of Vitamin D3 with electro-oxidation, reaching steady-state within 3.4 s, with 87% reproducibility within a day. The proposed method offers a rapid and sensitive platform for detection of Vitamin D3 with minimal interference from other molecules. The early diagnosis of Vitamin D3 deficiency using modified electrodes allows for early treatment, thereby preventing severe health complications.

An efficient sensing surface is fabricated through incorporating ruthenium on electropolymerized poly-(4-aminodiphenylamine)(Padpa) film by potentiodynamic cycling of 4-aminodiphenylamine (4-adpa) in an acidic medium. The mechanism of electropolymerization comprises the conversion of protonated monomer to di-imine species and generates positively charged radical-intermediate via dimerization step. The surface morphology of deposited film on electrode surface is studied using SEM and XPS techniques. The electrocatalytic appraisal of constructed (Ru/Padpa/GCE) sensing interface is examined towards the electro-oxidation of guaifenesin (GUA) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and chronoamperometric (CA) methods. The Ru/Padpa/GCE sensing interface displayed a linear response of GUA from 1.5 to 45µg/mL with the limit of detection (LOD) of 48.8ng/mL (S/N=3). The obtained higher activity of Ru/Padpa/GCE is mainly attributed to its larger active surface area, faster electron transfer kinetics, and higher catalytic sites from the interface. The Ru/Padpa/GCE sensing interface is further applied for the determination of GUA in pharmaceutical (cough syrup, and human urine) samples with a recovery of 97.1–101.0%. The diffusion coefficient of GUA (1.51×10-6 cm2/s) is also obtained via theoretical electrochemical method, which ensures that Ru/Padpa/GCE sensing interface can be considered as a potential candidate for clinical diagnostic analysis.

Nanotechnology is gaining momentum due to its ability to transform metals into nanoparticles. The synthesis, characterization, and applications of biologically synthesized nanomaterials have become an important branch of nanotechnology. Plant extracts are a cost-effective, ecologically friendly, and efficient alternative for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNps) were synthesized using Rhinacanthus nasutus leaf extract. After exposing the silver ions to the leaf extract, the rapid reduction of silver ions led to the formation of AgNps in solution. The synthesis was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the AgNps synthesized using R. nasutus leaf extract was investigated against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus using a disc diffusion method. The AgNps showed potential activity against all of the bacterial strains and fungal colonies, indicating that R. nasutus has the potential to be used in the development of value-added products in the biomedical and nanotechnology-based industries.

Background: sex identification by morphological assessment of various bones of the skeleton had been one of the oldest approaches in forensic anthropology and medico-legal cases. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to make the morphometric measurements of the foramen magnum in determining the feasibility of sex determination using computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: The data for our study was obtained from 100 patients having CT scan of the head and neck region (Siemens Somatom 256 slice CT scanner) with 1mm contiguous axial scans using bone window settings (2000 HU with 400 HU in centre), scan time of one second and exposure parameters 140 kVp and 70mA. The different measurements taken include the antero-posterior (AP) diameter, transverse diameter and area of the foramen magnum. Results: There were 50 males and 50 females with the age range of 18 to 75 years. Males have a higher average value than females in all of the parameters measured on foramen magnum. By using Student's T-test, all the measured parameters showed significant difference between the sexes (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The expression of sexual dimorphism in the foramen magnum region shows significant difference between the sexes, therefore this area of the skull should be considered a useful area in the identification of sex.

The Intrusion detection from the last some decades are very important for current as well as for present networks. In the recent times many new methods have been used for IDS with machine learning technique and analysis for huge data is very much suitable. But the techniques like WMV (weighted majority voting) which have large dataset will take much more amount of time with this there is degradation of results whenever increasing the dataset. For this problem this paper focuses on the Extreme learning machine would be the best suitable for IDS with the analysis of big data and improving the accuracy. The proposed technique will integrate Mutual information ranking filter and attribute ranking feature selection with ELM technique. The Mutual information technique will implement attribute selection and will analyse proposed technique performance MI-ELM technique with algorithms like Modified Naive Bayes, Support vector machine, LP Boosting and also hybrid of these three algorithms with respect to Precision, Recall. F-measure, accuracy, the (KS) Kappa statistic, Incorrectly and Correctly (CI) classified instances, RMSE (Root of Mean square erratum or error) and RRE (Root relative of error). There will be analysis of the dataset on according to basis of traffic is it normal or abnormal and the experimental results has shown that there will be increased accuracy in comparison with the classifiers.

Despite growing informality in developing economies, identifying correlates of informality continues to be a challenge due to multiple definitions of informality as well as data limitations. In order to explain the determinants of informality, the authors use two operational definitions of informality, namely ‘informal sector’ and ‘informal employment’, based on enterprise characteristics and employment characteristics, respectively. Using unit-level data from a nationally representative dataset, the authors find that, irrespective of how informality is defined, workers’ education, vocational training and gender play a significant role in determining participation in the informal labour market. The results of this study are robust to correction for selection bias and controlling for regional variations. The findings emphasise the need to restructure skill development programmes to account for the heterogeneity of informal workers.