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A novel single-particle technique to measure emittance has been developed and used to characterise seventeen different muon beams for the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment (MICE). The muon beams, whose mean momenta vary from 171 to 281 MeV/ c , have emittances of approximately 1.2–2.3  π  mm-rad horizontally and 0.6–1.0  π  mm-rad vertically, a horizontal dispersion of 90–190 mm and momentum spreads of about 25 MeV/ c . There is reasonable agreement between the measured parameters of the beams and the results of simulations. The beams are found to meet the requirements of MICE.

Hyper-Kamiokande will be a next-generation underground water Cherenkov detector with a total (fiducial) mass of 0.99 (0.56) million metric tons, approximately 20 (25) times larger than that of Super-Kamiokande. One of the main goals of Hyper-Kamiokande is the study of $CP$ asymmetry in the lepton sector using accelerator neutrino and anti-neutrino beams. In this paper, the physics potential of a long-baseline neutrino experiment using the Hyper-Kamiokande detector and a neutrino beam from the J-PARC proton synchrotron is presented. The analysis uses the framework and systematic uncertainties derived from the ongoing T2K experiment. With a total exposure of 7.5 MW $\\times 10^7$s integrated proton beam power (corresponding to $1.56 \\times 10^{22}$ protons on target with a 30 GeV proton beam) to a $2.5^\\circ$ off-axis neutrino beam, it is expected that the leptonic $CP$ phase $\\delta _{CP}$ can be determined to better than 19 degrees for all possible values of $\\delta _{CP}$, and $CP$ violation can be established with a statistical significance of more than $3\\,\\sigma$ ($5\\,\\sigma$) for $76{\\%}$ ($58{\\%}$) of the ${\\delta _{CP}}$ parameter space. Using both $\\nu _e$ appearance and $\\nu _\\mu$ disappearance data, the expected 1$\\sigma$ uncertainty of $\\sin ^2\\theta _{23}$ is 0.015(0.006) for $\\sin ^2\\theta _{23}=0.5(0.45)$.

The extension rates of Clitocybe nebularis (Batsch ex Fr.) Kummer strains on 2% malt agar were only 30-40% of those, up to 3.4 mm d-1, observed in woodland at equivalent exponential mean temperatures. Extension of mature field systems was accomplished by mycelial annuli or arcs 30-40 cm wide, differentiated into a leading edge of mycelial cords followed by a zone of dense, diffuse mycelium which bleached litter components, and a trailing edge of greyish, lysed mycelium. Disruption of mature annuli by natural obstacles or experimental re-orientation within the mycelial band resulted in regression of the affected segment of mycelium. Localized lysis following encounter with an obstacle by immature patches of mycelium with a diameter of 30-50 cm, led to polarized development of the residual mycelium. Strains from different fruit bodies were somatically compatible when paired on 2% malt agar if sampled from the same ring, but incompatible if from different rings, resulting in mutual antagonism and formation of a persistent demarcation zone. By contrast, collision between adjacent systems in woodland culminated in mutual obliteration of the interaction fronts. C. nebularis was non-combative when paired against other decomposer basidiomycetes on 2% malt agar, being either replaced or deadlocked but not replacing mycelia of these fungi. The implications of these observations are discussed in terms of emerging concepts of ecological strategies, foraging theory and polarity in mycelial collectives.

This paper reports the first differential measurement of the charged-current interaction cross section of \\(_\\) on water with no pions in the final state. This flux-averaged measurement has been made using the T2K experiment's off-axis near detector, and is reported in doubly-differential bins of muon momentum and angle. The flux-averaged total cross section in a restricted region of phase space was found to be \\( = (0.95 0.08 (stat) 0.06 (det. syst.) 0.04(model syst.) 0.08(flux) ) 10^-38 cm^2\\) per n.

We report measurements by the T2K experiment of the parameters \\(_23\\) and \\( m^2_32\\) governing the disappearance of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos in the three flavor neutrino oscillation model. Utilizing the ability of the experiment to run with either a mainly neutrino or a mainly antineutrino beam, the parameters are measured separately for neutrinos and antineutrinos. Using \\(7.482 10^20\\) POT in neutrino running mode and \\(7.471 10^20\\) POT in antineutrino mode, T2K obtained, \\(^2(_23)=0.51^+0.08_-0.07\\) and \\( m^2_32 = 2.53^+0.15_-0.13 10^-3\\)eV\\(^2\\)/c\\(^4\\) for neutrinos, and \\(^2(_23)=0.42^+0.25_-0.07\\) and \\(^2_32 = 2.55^+0.33_-0.27 10^-3\\)eV\\(^2\\)/c\\(^4\\) for antineutrinos (assuming normal mass ordering). No significant differences between the values of the parameters describing the disappearance of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos were observed.

summary Inoculum blocks of wood colonized by the basidiomycetes Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.: Fr.) Kummer and Phanerochaete velutina (DC: Pers.) Parmasto were placed in plastic trays containing moist (matric potential −0.007 MPa), unsterilized soil. When ‘baits’, in the form of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood blocks, descaled pine (Primus sylvestris L.) cones, beech twigs, beech leaves or pine needles were introduced, H. fasciculare consistently responded by ramification of diffuse mycelium within and over the baits, inhibition of extension and regression of non‐connective mycelium, thickening of connective cords and polarized outgrowth from the baits. Decay of inoculum wood blocks was generally greater in the control than where baits were added. Whilst the decay rates of different types of baits varied, pine cones being least decayed, total loss of dry weight from the system (inocula and baits combined) was similar in all cases. The sparser, more independent and rapidly extending cords of P. velutina exhibited more varied responses to the introduction of baits, and only under certain circumstances exhibited the same responses as H. fasciculare. Although decay of inoculum blocks was generally greater in controls than where colonizable baits were added, total loss of dry weight in the latter systems was two‐ to fourfold greater than in controls. Snowflake‐like mycelial growth patterns were induced in H. fasciculare by growing the fungus from an inoculum block placed in the centre of two concentric, hexagonal arrays of wood‐block baits. Selective removal of baits from the inner hexagonal array, after they had been colonized but before renewed outgrowth from them, either greatly delayed colonization of outlying blocks, if all six were taken out, or led respectively to symmetrical or asymmetrical ‘bypass’ systems if three alternating or adjacent blocks were taken. These observations are further support for the interpretation of basidiomycete mycelial cords as foraging systems and suggest experimental approaches which can help to elucidate their behaviour.

The ciid beetles Octotemnus glabriculus and Cis boleti exploit different developmental stages of fruit bodies of their preferred host fungus Coriolus versicolor. Larvae of the smaller beetle, O. glabriculus, mainly use young, expanding, fruit bodies; adults of O. glabriculus are predominantly found in young fruit bodies. By contrast, adults and larvae of the larger beetle, C. boleti, are prevalent in fully developed fruit bodies of C. versicolor. Because fruit bodies of most genets emerge during spring and early summer and mature by autumn, O. glabriculus and C. boleti breed in separated seasons. Adults and larvae of O. glabriculus are abundant in spring and early summer. By contrast, the number of adults and larvae of C. boleti increases gradually from late spring to summer and peaks in autumn. We conducted a field experiment that suggests that the phenological dynamics of C. versicolor fruit bodies drive the separation of breeding seasons between O. glabriculus and C. boleti. Additionally, laboratory experiments revealed that O. glabriculus and C. boleti have differential behavioural responses to odour compounds from young and mature fruit bodies of C. versicolor. We conclude that age-related changes in the chemical composition of fruit bodies may allow O. glabriculus and C. boleti to discriminate among C. versicolor, thus providing a mechanism for the partitioning of the resource.

This paper reports measurements of final-state proton multiplicity, muon and proton kinematics, and their correlations in charged-current pionless neutrino interactions, measured by the T2K ND280 near detector in its plastic scintillator (C\\(_8\\)H\\(_8\\)) target. The data were taken between years 2010 and 2013, corresponding to approximately 6\\(10^20\\) protons on target. Thanks to their exploration of the proton kinematics and of kinematic imbalances between the proton and muon kinematics, the results offer a novel probe of the nuclear-medium effects most pertinent to the (sub-)GeV neutrino-nucleus interactions that are used in accelerator-based long-baseline neutrino oscillation measurements. These results are compared to many neutrino-nucleus interaction models which all fail to describe at least part of the observed phase space. In case of events without a proton above a detection threshold in the final state, a fully consistent implementation of the local Fermi gas model with multinucleon interactions gives the best description of the data. In the case of at least one proton in the final state the spectral function model agrees well with the data, most notably when measuring the kinematic imbalance between the muon and the proton in the plane transverse to the incoming neutrino. A clear indication of existence of multinucleon interactions is observed. The effect of final-state interactions is also discussed.

A class of extensions of the Standard Model allows Lorentz and CPT violations, which can be identified by the observation of sidereal modulations in the neutrino interaction rate. A search for such modulations was performed using the T2K on-axis near detector. Two complementary methods were used in this study, both of which resulted in no evidence of a signal. Limits on associated Lorentz and CPT violating terms from the Standard Model Extension have been derived taking into account their correlations in this model for the first time. These results imply such symmetry violations are suppressed by a factor of more than \\(10^20\\) at the GeV scale.

T2K reports its first results in the search for CP violation in neutrino oscillations using appearance and disappearance channels for neutrino- and antineutrino-mode beam. The data include all runs from Jan 2010 to May 2016 and comprise \\(7.48210^20\\),protons on target in neutrino mode, which yielded in the far detector 32 e-like and 135 \\(\\)-like events, and \\(7.47110^20\\),protons on target in antineutrino mode which yielded 4 e-like and 66 \\(\\)-like events. Reactor measurements of \\(^22_13\\) have been used as an additional constraint. The one-dimensional confidence interval at 90% for \\(_CP\\) spans the range (\\(-3.13\\), \\(-0.39\\)) for normal mass ordering. The CP conservation hypothesis (\\(_CP=0,\\)) is excluded at 90% C.L.