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Global warming and rapid population growth are two of the most pressing issues in today's world. There is growing evidence of rising temperatures. The urban heat island effect is a significant environmental issue facing cities today. Although this issue has gained much attention from developed countries, countries in Africa are yet to grapple with it on a significant scale. This paper examined the rising research dimensions and major methodological techniques in studying urban heat effects. The paper adopted a systematic review method where peer-reviewed articles formed the trajectory of debate on Urban Heat Island (UHI) in African cities. The paper finds remote sensing the most common method in analysing UHI effect than ground use technology (weather station), which is limited in spatial spread in most African countries. Urbanization and other human-induced factors majorly contribute to UHI and this has an impact on many elements of life, including morbidity, mortality, birth weight decrease, and social strife. The paper recommends research priority on UHI effect in African cities due to the rising population.

Abstract Introduction Narcolepsy is a chronic disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), abnormal regulation of sleep and wake with short rapid eye movement (REM) latency and intrusion of REM into the waking state. Classically, narcolepsy presents with the pentad of EDS, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, cataplexy, and sleep fragmentation. Cataplexy is an abrupt and reversible decrease in or loss of muscle tone, with preserved awareness, precipitated by strong emotions, occurring in 60–70% of patients. Report of Case The patient is a 57 year old male with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Narcolepsy with cataplexy. He was seen for routine follow-up where he complained of horizontal diplopia. The patient reported the double vision occurring with cataplexy for as long as he has had cataplexy. Three months prior, he noted onset of double vision independent of cataplexy. Neurological examination was unremarkable during this visit. Acetylcholine anti-bodies and TSH were normal. MRA/MRI of head obtained and was remarkable for a 9x3 mm right posterior communicating (PCOM) artery aneurysm. Pan-cerebral arteriogram was performed, confirming a right PCOM aneurysm measuring 8–9 x 4 mm. Neurosurgical intervention occurred, with clipping of the aneurysm. At follow-up, patient reported resolution of diplopia (both with and independent of cataplexy). Eleven years later, the patient presented at routine sleep clinic follow-up with complaints of new onset diplopia occurring during episodes of cataplexy and with lateral gaze. A CTA was performed showing an 8 mm anterior communicating artery (ACOM) aneurysm at the right anterior cerebral artery A1/A2/superior ACOM junction. Neurosurgical intervention was performed with clipping of the aneurysm, with resolution of the diplopia. Conclusion Diplopia has been infrequently described with cataplexy. This case highlights a unique presentation of diplopia in the context of long-standing narcolepsy with cataplexy. Double vision in the setting of cataplexy may merit further evaluation.

يشير الكتاب إلى أن الدراسات الحديثة كشفت اعتماد الولايات المتحدة في الوقت الراهن على الضرائب المرهقة المفروضة على دخل الشركات وأرباحها، باعتبارهما جزءا من إجمالي الضرائب وإجمالي الناتج المحلي، ويرى المؤلف أن نظام الضرائب الحالي هو العقبة الكبرى الوحيدة في سبيل النمو الاقتصادي، ويعزو المؤلف إلى الآثار التراكمية لتلك الضريبة ما تتحمله الشركات الأمريكية باستمرار تقريبا من تكاليف تشغيل رأسمالية أعلى بكثير مما يواجهها المنافسون التجاريون الدوليون الأساسيون، الأمر الذي يؤدي إلى تآكل في القدرة التنافسية الدولية، وفقدان الولايات المتحدة لحصة السوق العالمية النسبية، بالرغم من إنتاجها لحصة متزايدة من إجمالي الناتج المحلي العالمي، الذي يتجاوز 30 بالمائة، مقابل 22 بالمائة في عام 1980.

The Lena Delta is the largest river delta in the Arctic (about 30 000 km2) and prone to rapid changes due to climate warming, associated cryosphere loss, and ecological shifts. The delta is characterized by ice-rich permafrost landscapes and consists of geologically and geomorphologically diverse terraces covered with tundra vegetation and of active floodplains, featuring approximately 6500 km of channels and over 30 000 lakes. Because of its broad landscape and habitat diversity, the delta is a biodiversity hotspot with high numbers of nesting and breeding migratory birds, fish, caribou, and other mammals and was designated a State Nature Reserve in 1995. Characterizing plant composition, aboveground biomass, and application of field spectroscopy was a major focus of a 2018 expedition to the delta. These field data collections were linked to Sentinel-2 satellite data to upscale local patterns in land cover and associated habitats to the entire delta. Here, we describe multiple field datasets collected in the Lena Delta during summer 2018 including foliage projective cover (Shevtsova et al., 2025, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.935875), aboveground biomass (Shevtsova et al., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.956067; Shevtsova et al., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.935923), and hyperspectral field measurements (Runge et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.945982). We further describe a detailed Sentinel-2 satellite image-based classification of habitats for the central Lena Delta (Landgraf et al., 2025a, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.945057; Landgraf et al., 2025b, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.945056; Landgraf et al., 2025c, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.945055; Landgraf et al., 2025d, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.945054), an upscaled classification for the entire Lena Delta (Lisovski et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.946407), and the test data set for accuracy assessment (Heim et al., 2025, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14731823) and a synthesis product for disturbance regimes (Heim and Lisovski, 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7575691) in the delta that is based on the classification, the described datasets, and field expertise. We present context and detailed methods of these openly available datasets and show how their combined use can improve our understanding of the rapidly changing Arctic tundra system. The new Lena Delta habitat classification represents a first baseline against which future observations can be compared. The link between such detailed habitat classifications and disturbance regime may provide a better understanding of how Arctic lowland landscapes will respond to climate change and how this will impact land surface processes.

Stereo model setup and 3D feature extraction represent existing technologies in photogrammetry and computer vision. But these are mainly restricted to high end workstations and desktop computers due to the resources necessary to sustain these applications. To make this feature available for smartphones,two methods have been implemented, manual and automated approach. For the manual app, the image conjugate point measurement process is performed manually and the user is required to input an approximate base-height ratio. The rel- ative orientation process is performed with conventional modeling using least squares estimation. For the automated app, interest point detection is done with the Hessian corner detector using principal curvatures derived from integral images. Image matching is done using image cross-correlation and the matched points are subject to a RANSAC based 8 point algorithm to generate the essential matrix with the most number of inliers. Relative orientation (RO) parameters are extracted from the essential matrix using Singular Value Decomposition(SVD). The RO parameters are then refined via a conventional coplanarity approach. The relative orientation parameters obtained are used for pairwise rectification of the two input images to generate a 3D stereo image. The stereo images are presented in a stereo environment with stereo cursors that can be controlled using touch input to perform measurements. Since no similar engineering apps currently exist for a mobile device, the results are compared to traditional photogrammetry methods done on desktop workstations. Finally the digitized points from the stereo environment can be used to generate a 3D CAD model using flat shading or texture mapping using the Open Graphics Library (OpenGL).