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Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health problem and the cause of chronic diseases, such as diabetes. It has a negative effect on adherence to treatment, decreases self-efficacy beliefs, and intensifies stress in women. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of life skills training based on the self-efficacy theory on IPV and adherence to treatment in women with type 2 diabetes. Methods This trial was conducted using a pretest-posttest design and follow-up after one month. The samples included 100 women selected by convenience sampling with random block allocation with type 2 diabetes and IPV. The intervention consisted of 8 sessions over one month of life skills training based on self-efficacy theory. Participants completed questionnaires at pre-test, post-test and follow-up, including a demographic information form and questionnaires on IPV and treatment adherence. Considered statistically significant at P  < 0. 05. Results The mean changes in IPV scores from the pre-test to the post-test were − 8.38 ± 4.06 and − 0.06 ± 3.09 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Also, the reduction in the intervention group was significantly more than in the control group ( P  < 0.001; 95%CI=-9.75; -6.89). The mean changes in IPV scores from post-test to follow-up were − 1.36 ± 3.47 and 1.50 ± 4.14 in intervention and control groups, respectively, indicating a statistically significant difference between the two groups ( P  < 0.001; 95%CI=-4.38; -1.34). The mean changes in adherence scores from the pre-test to the post-test were 11.40 ± 4.23 and 0.68 ± 3.49 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. The increase was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group ( P  < 0.001; 95%CI = 9.18; 12.26). The mean changes in adherence scores from post-test to follow-up were 2.68 ± 5.06 and − 0.86 ± 2.43 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P  < 0.001; 95%CI = 1.95; 5.12). Conclusion Life skills training based on self-efficacy theory reduced IPV and improved treatment compliance in women with diabetes under IPV. It is recommended that this training be taught to other patients with chronic conditions as a means of violence prevention and treatment adherence. Trial registration The trial was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) on 13 October 2022 and can be found on the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials platform. IRCT registration number: IRCT20090522001930N6.

The aim of this study was to determine the factors influencing adherence to self-care behaviors among low health literacy hypertensive patients based on health belief model. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 hypertensive patients with low health literacy. Patients with limited health literacy were identified by S-TOFHLA. The data were collected using H-scale for assessing self-care behaviors and, HK-LS for assessing knowledge of hypertension. A researcher-made questionnaire was applied for collecting data of health belief model constructs. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 with using multiple logistic regression analyses. Perceived self-efficacy was associated with all self-care behaviors except medication regimens. There was a significant association between perceived susceptibility and adherence to both low-salt diet (OR = 3.47) and nonsmoking behavior (OR = 1.10). Individuals who had more perceived severity (OR = 1.82) had significantly greater adherence to their medication regimens. Perceived benefits and barriers were not significantly associated with either type of hypertension self-care behaviors. It seems that designing and implementation of educational programs to increase self-efficacy of patients and promote their beliefs about perceived susceptibility and severity of complications may improve self-care behaviors among low health literacy hypertensive patients.

Background Coronary artery disease is the most common cardiovascular disease, the mortality rate of which is increasing significantly. The most important way to prevent a second attack in patients undergoing angioplasty is self-care, which can be influenced by several factors such as the patient’s beliefs. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the effect of a web-based intervention based on the Pender’s health promotion model in patients with cardiovascular disease. Methods The present clinical trial study was conducted with 99 patients undergoing angioplasty treatment referring to Bushehr Heart Specialist Center. Random sampling was done and the participants were divided into two groups (50 subjects in intervention group and 49 subjects in control group). The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire (including demographic information, a researcher-made questionnaire based on the health promotion model constructs, and self-care behaviors), which was completed in three stages (before, two weeks, and three months after the intervention). In addition to routine hospital services, the intervention group received multimedia training based on the constructs of the Pender’s health promotion model from the website. The control group received usual hospital services. Data were analyzed with chi-square, independent T-test and repeated measure ANOVA using SPSS-22 software. Results The results showed that 2 weeks and 3 months after the intervention, the mean scores of perceived benefits, perceived self-efficacy and perceived social support had a significant increase in the intervention group compared to the control group, but the mean score of perceived barriers had a significant decrease in the intervention group ( p  < 0.001). Regarding self-care behaviors, after the intervention, the mean scores of self-care behaviors, physical activity, healthy diet, medication adherence and stress management had a significant increase in the intervention group compared to the control group ( p  < 0.001), but no significant was observed between the two groups in terms of changes in the non-smoking ( p  = 0.38). Conclusion The results of the study showed that the web-based educational intervention based on the health promotion model is useful in improving the self-care behaviors of cardiac patients undergoing angioplasty. Nursing education and care have a great role in improving the self-care behaviors of cardiovascular patients. Trial registration Registration number: IRCT2017080635429N2. Registration date: 09/03/2017 ( https://en.irct.ir/trial/26775 ).

The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a theory-based self-care intervention with the application of health literacy strategies in patients with high blood pressure and limited health literacy. This is a randomized controlled trial, with measurements at baseline and 1 and 3 months follow-up. 100 patients with high blood pressure and limited health literacy will be randomly allocated to either an intervention group or a usual care control group. We will mainly establish the intervention model based on the principal health belief model components. Patients randomized to the intervention group will receive four educational sessions during four weeks. Considering the limited health literacy level of the patients of the study, health literacy strategies will be used in educational material design for enhancing the quality of the intervention. In order to cover these strategies, we will design four standard animated comics and fact sheets with illustrations and photos consistent with the health belief model constructs and educational sessions’ topics. Data will be collected using some questionnaires and will be analyzed using the SPSS software. The findings of this study may assist with the development of a theoretical model for self-care intervention in patients with high blood pressure and limited health literacy.

Background: Health literacy is a measure of individual's ability to read, comprehend, and act on medical instructions. Older adults are one of the most important at risk groups affected by the impact of inadequate health literacy. Health promoting behaviors in older adults have potential impact on their health and quality of life and reduce the costs incurred to health care. Given the paucity of information health literacy and health promoting behavior, the purpose of this study was to examine health literacy level in older adults and the relationship between health literacy and health promoting behaviors. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional survey of 354 older adults was conducted in Isfahan. The method of sampling was clustering. Health literacy was measured using the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA). Data were collected via home interviewing. Health promoting behaviors were measured based on self-reported smoking status, exercise, and consumption of fruit and vegetables. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA and c2 tests under SPSS 18 software. Results: The sample group averaged 67 +- 6.97 years in age. Approximately 79.6% of adults were found to have inadequate health literacy. They tended to be older, have fewer years of schooling, lower household income, and being female Individuals with inadequate health literacy were more likely to report limitations in activity and lower consumption of fruit and vegetables (P < 0.001). No significant association was found between health literacy and smoking status. Conclusion: Considering high prevalence of inadequate health literacy among older adults, and its inverse relationship with some health promoting behaviors. Simple educational materials and effective interventions for low health literacy people can improve health promotion in society and mitigate the adverse health effects of low health literacy.

Background: Self-care refers to the conscious actions and behaviors that patients engage in to maintain and promote their own health and to the decisions that they make about managing signs or symptoms. Despite the importance of self-care in improving the health status of patients with cardiovascular disease, such as those undergoing angioplasty, these patients do not implement self-care optimally. This study aimed to identify factors affecting self-care behaviors in cardiac patients undergoing angioplasty based on a health-promotion model. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 cardiovascular patients undergoing angioplasty referred to the Bushehr Health Center. Health-promotion-model constructs and self-care behaviors were assessed by a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 using multiple linear regression analyses. Results: Stepwise regression revealed that three variables - perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, and social support - were significant predictors of self-care behaviors among patients undergoing angioplasty. These factors accounted for 43.1% ([R.sub.2]=0.431) of variance in self-care. Among the health-promotion-model constructs, self-efficacy ([beta]=0.237, P<0.001) was the strongest predictor of self-care behaviors, followed by perceived barriers ([beta]=-0.195, P<0.001) and perceived social support ([beta]=0.13, P<0.001). Perceived benefits did not significantly predict self-care behaviors. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is suggested that designing and implementing training programs to improve self-efficacy and perceived social support of cardiovascular patients and also decreasing barriers to self-care may improve self-care behaviors among patients undergoing angioplasty. Keywords: self-care adherence, health-promotion model, coronary angioplasty

Background: Self-care refers to the conscious actions and behaviors that patients engage in to maintain and promote their own health and to the decisions that they make about managing signs or symptoms. Despite the importance of self-care in improving the health status of patients with cardiovascular disease, such as those undergoing angioplasty, these patients do not implement self-care optimally. This study aimed to identify factors affecting self-care behaviors in cardiac patients undergoing angioplasty based on a health-promotion model. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 cardiovascular patients undergoing angioplasty referred to the Bushehr Health Center. Health-promotion-model constructs and self-care behaviors were assessed by a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 using multiple linear regression analyses. Results: Stepwise regression revealed that three variables - perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, and social support - were significant predictors of self-care behaviors among patients undergoing angioplasty. These factors accounted for 43.1% ([R.sub.2]=0.431) of variance in self-care. Among the health-promotion-model constructs, self-efficacy ([beta]=0.237, P<0.001) was the strongest predictor of self-care behaviors, followed by perceived barriers [beta]=-0.195, P<0.001) and perceived social support ([beta]=0.13,P<0.001). Perceived benefits did not significantly predict self-care behaviors. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is suggested that designing and implementing training programs to improve self-efficacy and perceived social support of cardiovascular patients and also decreasing barriers to self-care may improve self-care behaviors among patients undergoing angioplasty. Keywords: self-care adherence, health-promotion model, coronary angioplasty

Self-care refers to the conscious actions and behaviors that patients engage in to maintain and promote their own health and to the decisions that they make about managing signs or symptoms. Despite the importance of self-care in improving the health status of patients with cardiovascular disease, such as those undergoing angioplasty, these patients do not implement self-care optimally. This study aimed to identify factors affecting self-care behaviors in cardiac patients undergoing angioplasty based on a health-promotion model. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 cardiovascular patients undergoing angioplasty referred to the Bushehr Health Center. Health-promotion-model constructs and self-care behaviors were assessed by a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 using multiple linear regression analyses. Stepwise regression revealed that three variables - perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, and social support - were significant predictors of self-care behaviors among patients undergoing angioplasty. These factors accounted for 43.1% ( =0.431) of variance in self-care. Among the health-promotion-model constructs, self-efficacy ( =0.237, <0.001) was the strongest predictor of self-care behaviors, followed by perceived barriers ( =-0.195, <0.001) and perceived social support ( =0.13, <0.001). Perceived benefits did not significantly predict self-care behaviors. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that designing and implementing training programs to improve self-efficacy and perceived social support of cardiovascular patients and also decreasing barriers to self-care may improve self-care behaviors among patients undergoing angioplasty.