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Thermal fluctuations in two-dimensional (2D) isotropy systems at non-zero finite temperatures can destroy the long-range (LR) magnetic order due to the mechanisms addressed in the Mermin-Wanger theory. However, the magnetic anisotropy related to spin–orbit coupling (SOC) may stabilize magnetic order in 2D systems. Very recently, 2D FexGeTe2 (3 ≤ x ≤ 7) with a high Curie temperature (TC) has not only undergone significant developments in terms of synthetic methods and the control of ferromagnetism (FM), but is also being actively explored for applications in various devices. In this review, we introduce six experimental methods, ten ferromagnetic modulation strategies, and four spintronic devices for 2D FexGeTe2 materials. In summary, we outline the challenges and potential research directions in this field.

Since the discovery of the low-temperature, long-range ferromagnetic order in monolayers Cr2Ge2Te6 and CrI3, many efforts have been made to achieve a room temperature (RT) ferromagnet. The outstanding deformation ability of two-dimensional (2D) materials provides an exciting way to mediate their intrinsic ferromagnetism (FM) with strain engineering. Here, we summarize the recent progress of strain engineering of intrinsic FM in 2D van der Waals materials. First, we introduce how to explain the strain-mediated intrinsic FM on Cr-based and Fe-based 2D van der Waals materials through ab initio Density functional theory (DFT), and how to calculate magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and Curie temperature (TC) from the interlayer exchange coupling J. Subsequently, we focus on numerous attempts to apply strain to 2D materials in experiments, including wrinkle-induced strain, flexible substrate bending or stretching, lattice mismatch, electrostatic force and field-cooling. Last, we emphasize that this field is still in early stages, and there are many challenges that need to be overcome. More importantly, strengthening the guideline of strain-mediated FM in 2D van der Waals materials will promote the development of spintronics and straintronics.

Since the experiments found that two-dimensional (2D) materials such as single-layer MoS2 can withstand up to 20% strain, strain-modulated magnetism has gradually become an emerging research field. However, applying strain alone is difficult to modulate the magnetism of single-layer pristine MoS2, but applying strain combined with other tuning techniques such as introducing defects makes it easier to produce and alter the magnetism in MoS2. Here, we summarize the recent progress of strain-dependent magnetism in MoS2. First, we review the progress in theoretical study. Then, we compare the experimental methods of applying strain and their effects on magnetism. Specifically, we emphasize the roles played by web buckles, which induce biaxial tensile strain conveniently. Despite some progress, the study of strain-dependent MoS2 magnetism is still in its infancy, and a few potential directions for future research are discussed at the end. Overall, a broad and in-depth understanding of strain-tunable magnetism is very necessary, which will further drive the development of spintronics, straintronics, and flexible electronics.

Polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) has been widely used in the preparation of high-quality oxides and sulfides for basic research and applications. Specifically, diverse PAD-prepared magnetic material thin films such as ZnO, Ga2O3, SrRuO3, LaCoO3, LaMnO3, Y3Fe5O12, MoS2, MoSe2, and ReS2 thin films have been grown, in which thickness-dependent, strain-modulated, doping-mediated, and/or morphology-dependent room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) have been explored. Inspired by the discovery of intrinsic low-temperature FM in two-dimensional (2D) systems prepared using mechanical exfoliation, the search for more convenient methods to prepare 2D ferromagnetic materials with high-temperature FM has seen explosive growth, but with little success. Fortunately, the very recent synthesis of 2D NiO by PAD has shed light on this challenge. Based on these abovementioned developments, the difficulties of PAD when preparing a-few-nanometer single-crystalline materials and the opportunities in PAD for novel materials such as chiral magnetic soliton material Cr1/3NbS2 are discussed.

Emissions trading schemes have been widely implemented by many countries to enforce the “cap and trade” concept for mitigating CO2 emissions. Thus, the carbon price influences the manufacturing costs in all stages of production, recycling, and disposal. Consideration of the carbon price is especially important for the economic efficiency of the downstream manufacturing sectors, such as in plastic product manufacturing, to substantially reduce their costs through the design and management of networked supply chains, which results in purchasing feedstocks from different technological routes, as well as choosing plants, warehouses and various transportation modes with diverse CO2 emission intensities. Supporting the decision-making in such situations requires the integration of life cycle analysis and networked supply chain management methodologies with an analysis of the carbon-market uncertainties. Such approaches have not been sufficiently quantified in the existing literature. This study presents a stochastic mixed-integer linear programming model developed for polyvinyl chloride pipe manufacturing in China, which is used to evaluate the effects of the life cycle emissions of procurement on the whole supply chain under carbon market uncertainty. Our results illustrate that the carbon market uncertainty would not only significantly influence the carbon-intensive production sectors but also the downstream manufacturing sectors. The five scenarios with carbon price variation exhibit distinctively different choices in procurement and supply chain configurations, as well as in their performances regarding total emissions and associated costs.

Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been reported that can affect cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, ferroptosis, and immune escape. METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification is involved in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Herein, we investigated whether METTL3-dependent m6A in CAFs-derived exosomes (exo) affected CRC progression. Methods qRT-PCR and western blotting analyses detected levels of mRNAs and proteins. Cell proliferation and metastasis were evaluated using MTT, colony formation, transwell, and wound healing assays, respectively. Cell ferroptosis was assessed by detecting cell viability and the levels of Fe+, reactive oxygen species, and glutathione after erastin treatment. Exosomes were isolated from CAFs by ultracentrifugation. The m6A modification profile was determined by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation assay and the interaction between METTL3 and ACSL3 (acyl-CoA synthetase 3) was verified using dual-luciferase reporter assay. Animal models were established for in vivo analysis. Results CAFs promoted CRC cell proliferation and metastasis, and suppressed cell ferroptosis. METTL3 was enriched in CAFs and was packaged into exosomes. The m6A modification and METTL3 expression were increased in CRC samples. Knockdown of METTL3 in CAFs-exo suppressed CRC cell proliferation and metastasis, and induced cell ferroptosis. Mechanistically, METTL3 induced ACSL3 m6A modification and stabilized its expression. The anticancer effects mediated by METTL3-silenced CAFs-exo could be rescued by ACSL3 overexpression. Moreover, in vivo assay also showed that CAFs-exo with decreased METTL3 could hinder CRC growth and metastasis in mice models. Conclusion CAFs promoted the proliferation and metastasis, and restrained the ferroptosis in CRC by exosomal METTL3-elicited ACSL3 m6A modification.

Copper is a critically important metal for economic security, and its supply chain is influenced by various factors, particularly market prices. This paper aims to uncover the impact of high uncertainty in copper prices on the copper supply chain (CSC) configuration and propose strategies for CSC construction. To achieve this goal, this study presents a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network, simulates copper market volatility using the geometric Brownian motion (GBM) model, and establishes a two-stage stochastic programming (TSSP) model. An empirical study was conducted using geographical and economic data of the CSC in the Chinese province of Hunan. The research results indicate that there is a threshold in copper prices that can lead to the construction of a reverse supply chain (RSC). However, significant fluctuations in copper prices introduce uncertainty into the supply chain network configuration. Therefore, policy measures to encourage copper scrap recycling should be implemented to maintain the safety of the CLSC during market instability. The proposed modelling framework for addressing fluctuation factors in supply chain design has been validated and can be promoted to other similar industries affected by markets.

This paper presents a method to detect the different types of defects in cross connected cable sheath in a flat 500kV three leaf high voltage cable system with sheath current as input data. Three different defects are analyzed: the loss of electrical continuity of grounding, the short circuit between metal sheath of cable joint segment and the immersion of junction box. The model of cable system is simulated by theoretical analysis and ATP software. The results obtained by these two methods have achieved good consistency.

Accurate determination of impulse grounding resistance of tower grounding body is the premise to improve the lightning withstand level of transmission line. The current research mostly ignores the nonlinear effect of soil spark discharge. Based on the analysis of the idea and conception of the equivalent model of grounding body considering spark discharge effect, two simulation models based on EMTP are proposed. The two simulation models can well simulate the inductance effect and spark discharge effect when lightning current flows through grounding body, and improve the grounding body model under impulse condition. The comparison results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the field measurement results.

Since Dietl et al. predicted that Co-doped ZnO may show room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) in 2000, researchers have focused on the investigation of ferromagnetic ZnO doped with various transition metals. However, after decades of exploration, it has been found that undoped ZnO nanostructures can also show RTFM, which in general is dependent on ZnO morphologies. Here, we will give an overall review on undoped ZnO nanomaterials with RTFM. The advanced strategies to achieve multidimensional (quasi-0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) ferromagnetic ZnO nanostructures and the mechanisms behind RTFM are systematically presented. We have successfully prepared ferromagnetic nanostructures, including thin films, horizontal arrays and vertical arrays. The existing challenges, including open questions about quantum-bound ZnO nanostructures, are then discussed.