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"Ren, Hui-min"
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Proton Conductive Lanthanide-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks: Synthesis Strategies, Structural Features, and Recent Progress
In the fields of proton exchange membrane fuel cells as well as impedance recognition, molecular sieve, and biochemistry, the development of proton conductive materials is essential. The design and preparation of the next generation of proton conductive materials—crystalline metal–organic framework (MOF) materials with high proton conductivity and excellent water stability—are facing great challenges. Due to the large radius and high positive charge of lanthanides, they often interact with organic ligands to exhibit high coordination numbers and flexible coordination configurations, resulting in the higher stability of lanthanide-based MOFs (Ln-MOFs) than their transition metal analogues, especially regarding water stability. Therefore, Ln-MOFs have attracted considerable attention. This review offers a view of the latest progress of proton conductive Ln-MOFs, including synthesis strategy, structural characteristics, and advantages, proton conductivity, proton conductive mechanism, and applications. More importantly, by discussing structure–property relationships, we searched for and analyzed design techniques and directions of development of Ln-MOFs in the future.Graphical AbstractThe latest progress of synthesis strategy, structural characteristics, proton conductive properties and mechanism and applications on Ln-MOFs. Ln-MOFS Lanthanide-based MOFs, MOF metal–organic framework, PEMFC proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Journal Article
Infection‐responsive polysaccharide‐based drug‐loaded nano‐assembly for dual‐modal treatment against drug‐resistant bacterial lung infection
The escalating issue of lung infections induced by multi‐drug resistant (MDR) bacteria is threatening human health. Thus, the development of efficient drug delivery systems is essential to eliminate MDR bacterial lung infections effectively. Herein, we designed inhalable drug‐loaded nano‐assemblies by the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged sodium alginate and a positively charged antibacterial polymer, quaternized polyethyleneimine (QPEI‐C6), as well as a kind of typical antibiotic for therapy of lung infection, azithromycin (AZT). By adjusting the feed ratios, we optimized the size of the nano‐assembly to approximately 200 nm (STQ12), which was beneficial for penetration through the mucus layer and biofilm. In the slightly acidic environment of the infected site, the nano‐assembly could dissemble responsively and release AZT and QPEI‐C6. Because of the combined bactericidal effect, STQ12 exhibited high bactericidal efficiency against MDR bacteria. In animal experiments, STQ12 showed notable efficacy against MDR bacterial lung infection. Gene transcriptomic results showed that the main effects of STQ12 against bacteria were through influencing the bacterial cell components and metabolic processes, and affecting their growth and reproduction. This work provides a promising strategy to treat MDR bacterium‐induced lower respiratory tract infections. A kind of infection‐responsive drug‐loaded nano‐assembly, STQ12, was developed by the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged polysaccharide and positively charged quaternized ammonium salt polymer. STQ12 could penetrate the mucus layer rapidly and reach the acidic microenvironment at the infected site, releasing the loaded drug and QPEI‐C6 to realize combined anti‐infection therapy against multi‐drug resistant bacteria.
Journal Article
النساء في الكومونات الشعبي /
لم يكن التسلط على المرأة أمرا جديدا في المجتمع الصيني، فقد كان متوارثا، تستطيع الاستدلال عليه من الأمثال الشعبية التي تتناول مكانة المرأة ضمنه، كالقول الكونفوشي : أن تكون المرأة عديمة الموهبة، فتلك فضيلة، أو كحقيقة أن بعضهن كبرن دون أن يتمكنَّ من الخروج من بيوتهن على الإطلاق إلا صوب بيوت أزواجهن أو القبر.
Book
S-Type Anion Channels SLAC1 and SLAH3 Function as Essential Negative Regulators of Inward K+ Channels and Stomatal Opening in Arabidopsis
Drought stress induces stomatal closure and inhibits stomatal opening simultaneously. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still largely unknown. Here, we show that the slow-type (S-type) anion channels SLAC1 and SLAH3 mainly inhibit the inward-rectifying K+ channel KAT1 by protein-protein interaction and consequently prevent stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. Voltage-clamp results demonstrated that SLAC1 inhibited KAT1 dramatically but did not inhibit KAT2. SLAH3 inhibited KAT1 to a lesser extent than did SLAC1. Both the N and C termini of SLAC1 inhibited KAT1, but the inhibition by the N terminus was stronger. The C terminus was essential for SLAC1-mediated inhibition of KAT1. Furthermore, drought stress strongly upregulated the expression of SLAC1 and SLAH3 in Arabidopsis guard cells, and the overexpression of wildtype and truncated SLAC1 dramatically impaired inward K+ (K+
in) currents of guard cells and light-induced stomatal opening. Additionally, the inhibition of KAT1 by SLAC1 and KC1 only partially overlapped, suggesting that SLAC1 and KC1 inhibited K+
in channels via different molecular mechanisms. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for stomatal movement, in which signaling pathways for stomatal closure and opening are directly coupled by protein-protein interaction between SLAC1/SLAH3 and KAT1 in Arabidopsis.
Journal Article
A Protein Kinase, Calcineurin B-Like Protein-Interacting Protein Kinase9, Interacts with Calcium Sensor Calcineurin B-Like Protein3 and Regulates Potassium Homeostasis under Low-Potassium Stress in Arabidopsis
Potassium (K⁺) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Previous studies have demonstrated that Calcineurin B-Like Proteinl (CBL1) or CBL9 and CBL-Interacting Protein Kinase23 (CIPK23) regulate K⁺ uptake in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots by modulating K⁻ channel Arabidopsis K⁺ Transporterl. In this study, we show that the protein kinase CIPK9 interacts with the calcium sensor CBL3 and plays crucial roles in K⁺ homeostasis under low-K⁺ stress in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis wild-type plants showed leaf chlorotic symptoms when grown for 10 d on low-K⁺ (100 µm) medium. Here, we show that plants lacking CIPK9 displayed a tolerant phenotype to low-K⁺ stress, which still maintained green leaves when the wild-type plants showed typical K⁺-deficient symptoms. Overexpressing lines of CIPK9 resulted in a low-K⁺-sensitive phenotype compared with wild-type plants. Furthermore, CBL2 and CBL3 were identified as upstream regulators of CIPK9. Both CBL2-and CBL3-overexpressing lines displayed similar low-K⁺-sensitive phenotypes and K⁺ contents to CIPK9-overexpressing lines. However, only cbl3 mutant plants, but not cbl2 mutant plants, showed the low-K⁺-tolerant phenotype similar to cipk9 mutants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CIPK9 and CBL3 work together and function in K⁻ homeostasis under low-K⁺ stress in Arabidopsis.
Journal Article
Identification of Cyclic GMP-Activated Nonselective Ca2+-Permeable Cation Channels and Associated CNGC5 and CNGC6 Genes in Arabidopsis Guard Cells
Cytosolic Ca2+ in guard cells plays an important role in stomatal movement responses to environmental stimuli. These cytosolic Ca2+ increases result from Ca2+ influx through Ca2+-permeable channels in the plasma membrane and Ca2+ release from intracellular organelles in guard cells. However, the genes encoding defined plasma membrane Ca2+-permeable channel activity remain unknown in guard cells and, with some exceptions, largely unknown in higher plant cells. Here, we report the identification of two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cation channel genes, CNGC5 and CNGC6, that are highly expressed in guard cells. Cytosolic application of cyclic GMP (cGMP) and extracellularly applied membrane-permeable 8-Bromoguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate-cGMP both activated hyperpolarization-induced inward-conducting currents in wild-type guard cells using Mg2+ as the main charge carrier. The cGMP-activated currents were strongly blocked by lanthanum and gadolinium and also conducted Ba2+, Ca2+, and Na+ ions. cngc5 cngc6 double mutant guard cells exhibited dramatically impaired cGMP-activated currents. In contrast, mutations in CNGC1, CNGC2, and CNGC20 did not disrupt these cGMP-activated currents. The yellow fluorescent protein-CNGC5 and yellow fluorescent protein-CNGC6 proteins localize in the cell periphery. Cyclic AMP activated modest inward currents in both wild-type and cngc5cngc6 mutant guard cells. Moreover, cngc5 cngc6 double mutant guard cells exhibited functional abscisic acid (ABA)-activated hyperpolarization-dependent Ca2+-permeable cation channel currents, intact ABA-induced stomatal closing responses, and whole-plant stomatal conductance responses to darkness and changes in CO2 concentration. Furthermore, cGMP-activated currents remained intact in the growth controlled by abscisic acid2 and abscisic acid insensitive1 mutants. This research demonstrates that the CNGC5 and CNGC6 genes encode unique cGMP-activated nonselective Ca2+-permeable cation channels in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis guard cells.
Journal Article
Axon Reactive B Cells Clonally Expanded in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Demyelination and axonal loss have been described as the histological hallmarks of inflammatory lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) and are the pathological correlates of persistent disability. However, the immune mechanisms underlying axonal damage in MS remain unknown. Here, we report the use of single chain-variable domain fragments (scFv) from clonally expanded cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) B cells to show the role of an anti-axon immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) in MS. The cellular and subcellular distribution of the antigen(s) recognized by these CSF-derived clonal scFv antibodies (CSFC-scFv Abs) was studied by immunochemical staining of brain tissues obtained at autopsy from patients with MS. Immunochemistry showed specific binding of CSFC-scFv Abs to axons in acute MS lesions. The stained axons showed three major types of axonal pathological changes: 1) linear axons, axonal ovoid formation, and axonal transection were seen in the myelinated white matter adjacent to the lesion; 2) accumulation of axonal ovoid formations and Wallerian degeneration were seen at the border between demyelinated lesions and the adjacent white matter; and 3) Wallerian degeneration occurred at the center and edge of acute demyelinated lesions. These findings suggest a B cell axonal specific immune response in the CNS in MS.
Journal Article