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A bstract We obtain the complete and independent bases of effective operators at mass dimension 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 in both standard model effective field theory with light sterile right-handed neutrinos ( ν SMEFT) and low energy effective field theory with light sterile neutrinos ( ν LEFT). These theories provide systematical parametrizations on all possible Lorentz-invariant physical effects involving in the Majorana/Dirac neutrinos, with/without the lepton number violations. In the ν SMEFT, we find that there are 2 (18), 29 (1614), 80 (4206), 323 (20400), 1358 (243944) independent operators with sterile neutrinos included at the dimension 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 for one (three) generation of fermions, while 24, 5223, 3966, 25425, 789426 independent operators in the ν LEFT for two generations of up-type quarks and three generations of all other fermions.

A bstract We obtain the complete operator bases at mass dimensions 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 for the low energy effective field theory (LEFT), which parametrize various physics effects between the QCD scale and the electroweak scale. The independence of the operator basis regarding the equation of motion, integration by parts and flavor relations, is guaranteed by our algorithm [1, 2], whose validity for the LEFT with massive fermions involved is proved by a generalization of the amplitude-operator correspondence. At dimension 8 and 9, we list the 35058 (756) and 704584 (3686) operators for three (one) generations of fermions categorized by their baryon and lepton number violations (∆ B , ∆ L ), as these operators are of most phenomenological relevance.

Site-selective modification of complex molecules allows for rapid accesses to their analogues and derivatives, and, therefore, offers highly valuable opportunities to probe their functions. However, to selectively manipulate one out of many repeatedly occurring functional groups within a substrate represents a grand challenge in chemistry. Yet more demanding is to develop methods in which alterations to the reaction conditions lead to switching of the specific site of reaction. We report herein the development of a Pd/Lewis acid co-catalytic system that achieves not only site-selective, but site-switchable mono- O -allylation of polyols with readily available reagents and catalysts. Through exchanging the Lewis acid additives that recognize specific hydroxyls in a polyol substrate, our system managed to install a versatile allyl group to the target in a site-switchable manner. Our design demonstrates remarkable scope, and is amenable to the direct derivatization of various complex, bioactive natural products. Selective manipulation of one functional group, out of many repeatedly occurring in a substrate, represents a grand challenge in chemistry. Here, the authors report a Pd/Lewis acid cocatalytic system that achieves not only site-selective, but also site-switchable mono- O -allylation of polyols.

The asymmetric O -alkylation of secondary aliphatic alcohols remains a substantial challenge in chemistry. Such a challenge largely stems from the steric demand of each reactant, in addition to the relatively low nucleophilicity of alcohols. Here, we report the development of a base-free, Cu-catalysed propargylic substitution reaction that enables the efficient, asymmetric O -propargylation of secondary aliphatic alcohols. Mechanistic studies implied key factors to slow down the undesired decomposition process of electrophiles in this reaction, which opened up the possibility of using secondary aliphatic alcohols as nucleophilic substrates. This asymmetric O -alkylation reaction proceeds under almost neutral conditions, tolerates a broad scope of functional groups and shows remarkable chemoselectivities. This method is amenable to the modification of natural products and commercial drugs. The products obtained could be readily elaborated to various classes of enantioenriched α,α′-disubstituted ethers that are difficult to access by other methods. The asymmetric O-alkylation of alcohols is a useful route to chiral ethers, but aliphatic secondary alcohols have proven to be difficult substrates. Here the authors report a method to achieve this by developing conditions to avoid the decomposition of the alkylating agent.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are innate immune components that have aroused a great deal of interest among drug developers recently, as they may become a substitute for antibiotics. New candidates need to fight antibiotic resistance, while discovering novel AMPs through wet-lab screening approaches is inefficient and expensive. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are innate immune components that have recently stimulated considerable interest among drug developers due to their potential as antibiotic substitutes. AMPs are notable for their fundamental properties of microbial membrane structural interference and the biomedical applications of killing or suppressing microbes. New AMP candidates must be developed to oppose antibiotic resistance. However, the discovery of novel AMPs through wet-lab screening approaches is inefficient and expensive. The prediction model investigated in this study may help accelerate this process. We collected both the up-to-date AMP data set and unbiased negatives based on which the protein-encoding methods and deep learning model for AMPs were investigated. The external testing results indicated that our trained model achieved 90% precision, outperforming current methods. We implemented our model on a user-friendly web server, AI4AMP, to accurately predict the antimicrobial potential of a given protein sequence and perform proteome screening. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are innate immune components that have aroused a great deal of interest among drug developers recently, as they may become a substitute for antibiotics. New candidates need to fight antibiotic resistance, while discovering novel AMPs through wet-lab screening approaches is inefficient and expensive. To accelerate the discovery of new AMPs, we both collected the up-to-date antimicrobial peptide data set and integrated the protein-encoding methods with a deep learning model. The trained model outperforms the current methods and is implemented into a user-friendly web server, AI4AMP, to accurately predict the antimicrobial properties of a given protein sequence and perform proteome screening. Author Video: An author video summary of this article is available.

Microalgae host varied microbial consortium harboring cross-kingdom interactions with fundamental ecological significance in aquatic ecosystems. Revealing the complex biofunctions of the cultivable bacteria of phycosphere microbiota is one vital basis for deeply understanding the mechanisms governing these dynamic associations. In this study, a new light-yellow pigmented bacterial strain LZ-28 was isolated from the highly-toxic and harmful algal bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella LZT09. Collective phenotypic and genotypic profiles were obtained to confidently identify this strain as a new Mameliellaalba member. Comparative genomic analysis showed that strain LZ-28 shared highly similar functional features with other four marine algae-derived M. alba strains in spite of their distinctive isolation sources. Based on the bioactivity assaying, the mutual growth-promoting effects between bacterial strain LZ-28 and algal strain LZT09 were observed. After the culture conditions were optimized, strain LZ-28 demonstrated an extraordinary production ability for its bioflocculanting exopolysaccharides (EPS). Moreover, the portions of two monosaccharides glucose and fucose of the EPS were found to positively contribute to the bioflocculanting capacity. Therefore, the present study sheds light on the similar genomic features among the selected M. alba strains, and it also reveals the potential pharmaceutical, environmental and biotechnological implications of active EPS produced by this new Mameliella alba strain LZ-28 recovered from toxic bloom-forming marine dinoflagellate.

Objective: This study investigated the dose–response relationship of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on respiratory muscle strength, lactic acid accumulation and exercise tolerance in amateur runners. Methods: Thirty male amateur runners were randomly assigned to three groups: a high-intensity IMT (HIMT) group, a low-intensity IMT (LIMT) group, and a control group. In addition to their regular training regimen, the high-intensity and low-intensity IMT groups underwent a supervised IMT protocol for a duration of 8 weeks. The primary outcome measures included maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP), time to exhaustion (TTE), blood lactate (BLa), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and rate of perceived breathlessness (RPB). Secondary outcomes encompassed VO2 max, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and the FEV1/FVC ratio. Results: After 8 weeks of IMT, the MIP of HIMT and LIMT were significantly improved (p < 0.01), and the MEP of both groups also increased (p < 0.01). There were no significant changes in FVC and FEV1 (p > 0.05), but only FEV1/FVC in HIMT was significantly improved (p < 0.01). Exercise testing showed a significant increase in TTE in both the HIMT and low LIMT groups (p < 0.01). Post-exercise RPE scores were lower in both the HIMT group (p < 0.01) and LIMT group (p < 0.05), and both HIMT and LIMT groups’ post-exercise RPB scores were also reduced in both (p < 0.05). In addition, blood lactate accumulation was significantly lower in both HIMT (p < 0.01) and LIMT (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in VO2 max (p > 0.05) and HR peak (p > 0.05). Conclusion: IMT for 8 weeks can improve respiratory muscle strength, prolong exercise time, improve blood lactate accumulation, subjective fatigue, and dyspnea during exercise. Among them, high-intensity IMT can better improve exercise tolerance.

A bstract To realize first-order electroweak phase transition, it is necessary to generate a barrier in the thermal Higgs potential, which is usually triggered by scalar degree of freedom. We instead investigate phase transition patterns in pure fermion extensions of the standard model, and find that additional fermions with mass hierarchy and mixing could develop such a barrier and realize a strongly first-order phase transition in such models. In the Higgs potential with polynomial parametrization, the barrier can be generated in the following two patterns by fermionic reduction effects: (I) positive quadratic term, negative cubic term and positive quartic term or (II) positive quadratic term, negative quartic term and positive higher dimensional term, such as dimensional 6 operator.

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and is characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration and vision loss. Since irreversible neurodegeneration occurs before diagnosable, early diagnosis and effective neuroprotection are critical for glaucoma management. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are demonstrated to be potential novel biomarkers and therapeutics for a variety of diseases. In this study, it is found that intravitreal injection of circulating plasma‐derived sEVs (PDEV) from glaucoma patients ameliorated retinal degeneration in chronic ocular hypertension (COH) mice. Moreover, it is found that PDEV‐miR‐29s are significantly upregulated in glaucoma patients and are associated with visual field defects in progressed glaucoma. Subsequently, in vivo and in vitro experiments are conducted to investigate the possible function of miR‐29s in RGC pathophysiology. It is showed that the overexpression of miR‐29b‐3p effectively prevents RGC degeneration in COH mice and promotes the neuronal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Interestingly, engineered sEVs with sufficient miR‐29b‐3p delivery exhibit more effective RGC protection and neuronal differentiation efficiency. Thus, elevated PDEV‐miR‐29s may imply systemic regulation to prevent RGC degeneration in glaucoma patients. This study provides new insights into PDEV‐based glaucoma diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. Plasma‐derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from glaucoma patients (Gla‐PDEV) alleviate optic nerve injury. Elevated levels of PDEV‐miR‐29s are associated with the progression of glaucoma. The delivery of miR‐29b‐3p by engineered sEVs protects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). PDEV may be involved in the systemic regulation respond to glaucomous neurodegeneration. PDEV‐miR‐29s are potential biomarkers and promising therapeutic agents for glaucoma.

Objective: To investigate the effect of an 8-week inspiratory muscle training (IMT) intervention on respiratory muscle strength and cardiovascular autonomic regulation in obese young men. Methods: The study included 36 obese young men who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the IG (inspiratory muscle training group, n = 17), which underwent high-intensity IMT intervention for 8 weeks, 5 times a week, and the CG (control group, n = 18), which was not given any additional intervention. Assessed parameters included maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR), as well as heart rate variability metrics such as the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), standard deviation of successive differences (SDSD), low-frequency power component (LF), high-frequency power component (HF), and LF/HF ratio. These measurements were taken both at baseline and following the completion of the 8-week intervention period. Results: After 8 weeks of IMT, the MIP and MEP of the IG increased by 31.8% and 26.5%, respectively (p < 0.01). In addition, SBP, DBP, and HR decreased by 2.2%, 3.2%, and 2.1%, respectively (p < 0.01). In the HRV time domain, SDNN and RMSSD increased by 54.1% and 33.5%, respectively (p < 0.01), and there was no significant improvement in SDSD (p > 0.05); in the HRV frequency domain, LF decreased by 40.5%, HF increased by 59.4% (p < 0.01), and the LF/HF ratio decreased by 58.2% (p < 0.05). Conclusion: An 8-week 80%MIP IMT intervention significantly improves respiratory muscle strength and cardiovascular autonomic regulation in obese young men, suggesting that IMT is a promising non-pharmacological strategy for mitigating obesity-related cardiovascular risk.