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The current study aims to address the research gap regarding inconsistent findings on the effect of environmental knowledge (EK) in enhancing green purchase intention (GPI) by incorporating pro-environmental behavior (PEB) and environmental concern (EC) as factors to leverage green purchase intention. Five hypotheses were developed and tested using a sample of 300 respondents in Indonesia. Survey data from 300 respondents were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings demonstrate the pivotal role of pro-environmental behavior in two ways. First, pro-environmental behavior mediates the relationship between environmental knowledge and green purchase intention. Second, while pro-environmental behavior enhances environmental concern, it is insufficient to fully strengthen green purchase intention; additional factors, such as the activation of ethical values of concern, are needed to reinforce this intention further. However, the limitations include reliance on quantitative cross-sectional data and focus on Bali, suggesting a need for longitudinal and cross-cultural studies. Practical recommendations include incorporating local communities in eco-tourism programs to ensure social acceptance and sustainability. In general, the results contribute theoretically by integrating knowledge, concern, and behavior into a cohesive model explaining green consumer intentions in tourism. This comprehensive approach supports efforts to transform individual values and behavior, which are critical alongside systemic or policy changes in advancing sustainable tourism.

This study utilized the 3k factorial design with k as the two varying factors namely, temperature and air velocity. The effects of temperature and air velocity on the drying rate curves and on the average particle diameter of the arrowroot starch were investigated. Extracted arrowroot starch samples were dried based on the designed parameters until constant weight was obtained. The resulting initial moisture content of the arrowroot starch was 49.4%. Higher temperatures correspond to higher drying rates and faster drying time while air velocity effects were approximately negligible or had little effect. Drying rate is a function of temperature and time. The constant rate period was not observed for the drying rate of arrowroot starch. The drying curves were fitted against five mathematical models: Lewis, Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic and Midili. The Midili Model was the best fit for the experimental data since it yielded the highest R2 and the lowest RSME values for all runs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for qualitative analysis and for determination of average particle diameter of the starch granules. The starch granules average particle diameter had a range of 12.06 – 24.60 μm. The use of ANOVA proved that particle diameters for each run varied significantly with each other. And, the Taguchi Design proved that high temperatures yield lower average particle diameter, while high air velocities yield higher average particle diameter.

Organometal halide perovskite solar cells (Omh-PSCs) have attracted attention due to its unique electrical and optical properties. Ideally, the Omh-PSCs should remain free from degradation under normal operating conditions for several years, preferably tens of years. In order to produce high power conversion efficiency with low potential of degradation, different fabrication methods have been developed. The reported stability of perovskite films can vary significantly and reported to decay substantially up to 20% of its original performance. A thorough understanding of fabrication process upon the stability of the device is regarded as crucial to pave the way for future endeavors. This review summarized and highlighted the recent research of fabrication methods that gave an impact to the stability of perovskite devices.

Hand osteoarthritis is one of the most common forms of arthritis which impact millions of people worldwide. The disabling problem occurs when the protective cartilage on the boundaries of bones wear off over time. Currently, in order to identify hand osteoarthritis, special instruments namely X-ray scanning and MRI are used for the detection but it also has its limitations such as radiation exposure and can be quite costly. In this work, an optical metrology system based on digital fringe projection which comprises of an LCD projector, CCD camera and a personal computer has been developed to anticipate abnormal growth or deformation on the joints of the hand which are common symptoms of osteoarthritis. The main concept of this optical metrology system is to apply structured light as imaging source for surface change detection. The imaging source utilizes fringe patterns generated by C++ programming and is shifted by 3 phase shifts based on the 3 steps 2 shifts method. Phase wrapping technique and analysis were applied in order to detect the deformation of live subjects. The result has demonstrated a successful method of hand deformation detection based on the pixel tracking differences of a normal and deformed state.

The current advancement of LED has prompt thermal challenges from the packaging point of view. The reliability of the LED is significantly influenced by each of its packaging component. This paper presents the investigation of heat slug size effect on the junction temperature and stress of single chip LED through simulation method. Ansys version 11 was utilized and the analysis was done with copper diamond rectangular heat slug under natural convection condition at ambient temperature of 25 °C.The simulation results indicated that junction temperature and the stress of the single chip LED is influenced by the size of heat slug.

The Lambda 950 spectrometers are designed to investigate and examine surface coating on test specimen by using the light source. The objective of this research is to investigate the factors that affect the surface roughness and reflectance after different parameter of Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) process. There are four parameters to control the RIE process which is temperature, vacuum, RF (Radio Frequency) power and gas flow. The parameters in this research are using a Full Factorial Experimentation technique, the Design of Experiment (DOE). The AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) and Lambda 950 spectrometer are used to analyse the surface roughness and light reflectance of the specimen. The result showed all four parameters of RIE were give effect on surface roughness and surface reflectance. The parameter of gas flow is the most influence factor for surface roughness and surface reflectance compared to other parameters in this work.

Thermal management of high power LED is crucial the reliability and performance of the LED affected by the heat produced during photon emission. Heat sinks are utilized to dissipate the heat and to lower the operating junction temperature of LED. This paper demonstrates a simulation work done to evaluate the influence heat sink fin number on the junction temperature and stress of single chip LED package using Ansys version 11. The heat sink with fin number of 4 fins, 6 fins and 8 fins were used and compared. Results showed that increase in heat sink fin number significantly reduces the junction temperature of the LED package.

Digital fringe projection technique using phase shifting method has been studied extensively for generatingthree dimensional (3D) surface information. The aim of this paper is to develop a simple automated optical inspection (AOI) system using fringe projection technique to capture image of an object. A three step phase shifting is used to generate the saw tooth image to retrieve the information of the pixel coordinate and surface dimension. The calibration of the camera and projector is observed to contribute a great significant on the measurement accuracy. The developed system is capable to measure the object surface dimension and perform the 3D reconstruction with high speed and good precision.

Main effects contributing to the quality of surface roughness on an etched aluminium metallization wafer using Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) was studied. A total of three controllable process variables, with eight sets of experiments were scrutinized using an orderly designed design of experiment (DOE). The three variables in the investigation are composed of CF4 gas, composed of O2 gas and RF power while time is constant. The estimate of effect calculated for composition of CF4 gas, composition of O2 gas and RF power are-2.205, -0.975, and-0.525 respectively. All factors gave negative effects. This implies that the surface roughness increases when the content of CF4, O2, and RF power is lower. The results suggest that the composition of CF4 gaseous as the most influential factor as its main effects plot has the steepest slope followed by oxygen and RF power.

A three-dimensional surface measurement using fringe projection technique has received attention among the researches for the last few decades.However choosing the best method is the challenge because one needs to consider the cost, measurement speed, system complexity, measurement accuracy and data reliability to ensure the success of the measurement. This paper focused on the successful manipulation of non-collimated light source and three step phase shifting for height measurement of a lead frame.The measurement done based on pixel determination from the saw tooth image. In addition, the scaling factor technique has been employed for the measurement accuracy. The experimental results achieved a high precision of measurement with simple system and high speed capability.