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Liver injuries represent one of the most frequent life-threatening injuries in trauma patients. In determining the optimal management strategy, the anatomic injury, the hemodynamic status, and the associated injuries should be taken into consideration. Liver trauma approach may require non-operative or operative management with the intent to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiology. The management of liver trauma should be multidisciplinary including trauma surgeons, interventional radiologists, and emergency and ICU physicians. The aim of this paper is to present the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) liver trauma management guidelines.

Renal and urogenital injuries occur in approximately 10-20% of abdominal trauma in adults and children. Optimal management should take into consideration the anatomic injury, the hemodynamic status, and the associated injuries. The management of urogenital trauma aims to restore homeostasis and normal physiology especially in pediatric patients where non-operative management is considered the gold standard. As with all traumatic conditions, the management of urogenital trauma should be multidisciplinary including urologists, interventional radiologists, and trauma surgeons, as well as emergency and ICU physicians. The aim of this paper is to present the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) kidney and urogenital trauma management guidelines.

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) increases proximal pressure, and simultaneously induces distal ischemia. We aimed to evaluate organ ischemia during partial REBOA (P-REBOA) with computed tomography (CT) perfusion in a swine model. The maximum balloon volume was recorded as total REBOA when the distal pulse pressure ceased. The animals (n = 4) were scanned at each 20% of the maximum balloon volume, and time-density curve (TDC) were analysed at the aorta, portal vein (PV), liver parenchyma, and superior mesenteric vein (SMV, indicating mesenteric perfusion). The area under the TDC (AUTDC), the time to peak (TTP), and four-dimensional volume-rendering images (4D-VR) were evaluated. The TDC of the both upper and lower aorta showed an increased peak and delayed TTP. The TDC of the PV, liver, and SMV showed a decreased peak and delayed TTP. The dynamic 4D-CT analysis suggested that organ perfusion changes according to balloon volume. The AUTDC at the PV, liver, and SMV decreased linearly with balloon inflation percentage to the maximum volume. 4D-VR demonstrated the delay of the washout in the aorta and retrograde flow at the inferior vena cava in the highly occluded status.

Duodeno-pancreatic and extrahepatic biliary tree injuries are rare in both adult and pediatric trauma patients, and due to their anatomical location, associated injuries are very common. Mortality is primarily related to associated injuries, but morbidity remains high even in isolated injuries. Optimal management of duodeno-bilio-pancreatic injuries is dictated primarily by hemodynamic stability, clinical presentation, and grade of injury. Endoscopic and percutaneous interventions have increased the ability to non-operatively manage these injuries. Late diagnosis and treatment are both associated to increased morbidity and mortality. Sequelae of late presentations of pancreatic injury and complications of severe pancreatic trauma are also increasingly addressed endoscopically and with interventional radiology procedures. However, for moderate and severe extrahepatic biliary and severe duodeno-pancreatic injuries, immediate operative intervention is preferred as associated injuries are frequent and commonly present with hemodynamic instability or peritonitis. The aim of this paper is to present the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) duodenal, pancreatic, and extrahepatic biliary tree trauma management guidelines.

IntroductionResuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) increases proximal arterial pressure, but may also induce life-threatening distal ischemia. Partial REBOA (P-REBOA) is thought to mitigate distal ischemia during aortic occlusion. However, feasible indicators of the degree of P-REBOA remain inconsistent. We hypothesised percent balloon volume could be a substitute for pressure measurements of gradients during P- REBOA. This study aimed to compare balloon volume and arterial pressure gradient, and analysed with intra-balloon pressure and balloon shape.MethodsProximal (carotid) and distal (femoral) arterial pressures were recorded and a 7-Fr REBOA catheter was placed in four swine. Total REBOA was defined as a cessation of distal pulse pressure and maximum balloon volume was documented. The balloon volume was titrated by 20% increments of maximum capacity to adjust the degree of P-REBOA. The distal/proximal arterial pressure gradient and the intra-balloon pressures were also recorded. The changes in shape and the cross-sectional area of the balloon were evaluated with computed tomography (CT) images.ResultsThe proximal mean arterial pressure (MAP) plateaued after 60% balloon volume; meanwhile, distal pulse pressure was still left. The balloon pressure was traced with proximal MAP before contact with aortic wall. The balloon shape changed unevenly from “cone” to “spindle” shape, although the balloon cross-sectional area of the mid-segment linearly increased.ConclusionMonitoring distal pressure and titrating percent balloon volume is feasible to manage P-REBOA. In this experiment, 60% balloon volume was enough inflation to elevate central pressure allowing distal perfusion. The intra-balloon pressure was not reliable due to the strong influence of proximal MAP and uneven change of the balloon shape.

Chest trauma is a common consequence of traumatic events. It may be blunt or penetrating. A low number of patients with blunt chest trauma require surgical intervention; in contrast, penetrating ones frequently require surgery and are associated with higher mortality. Chest trauma due to its anatomical location and to its potential effects on different systems must be multidisciplinary, and emergency and trauma systems should be organized and prepared to face all aspects. The present paper describes the recommendations provided by World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST), about comprehensive management of thoracic trauma.

Structure of carbon modifications, obtained via pyrolysis of vegetable feed, and ash content of natural graphite are crucial factors during mechanochemical synthesis of titanium carbide under vibratory conditions. The possibility of synthesis of titanium carbide with minimal sulfur content has been shown.

Demonstrated the possibility of using multiwalled carbon nanotubes formed by means of mechanical activation of amorphous carbon for the stimulation of crop growth. By the example of pepper cultivar Golden Rain and tomato cultivar Bull Heart showed the efficacy of introducing microadditives in the form of carbon nanotubes to the ground.

Spleen injuries are among the most frequent trauma-related injuries. At present, they are classified according to the anatomy of the injury. The optimal treatment strategy, however, should keep into consideration the hemodynamic status, the anatomic derangement, and the associated injuries. The management of splenic trauma patients aims to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiopathology especially considering the modern tools for bleeding management. Thus, the management of splenic trauma should be ultimately multidisciplinary and based on the physiology of the patient, the anatomy of the injury, and the associated lesions. Lastly, as the management of adults and children must be different, children should always be treated in dedicated pediatric trauma centers. In fact, the vast majority of pediatric patients with blunt splenic trauma can be managed non-operatively. This paper presents the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) classification of splenic trauma and the management guidelines.