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Meeting global sustainability targets under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement requires paying attention to major land-use sectors such as forestry and agriculture. These sectors play a large role in national emissions, biodiversity conservation, and human well-being. There are numerous possible pathways to sustainability in these sectors and potential synergies and trade-offs along those pathways. This paper reports on the use of a model for Canada’s land use to 2050 to assess three different pathways (one based on current trends and two with differing levels of ambition for meeting sustainability targets). This was done as part of a large international consortium, Food, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Land and Energy (FABLE), which allows for incorporating international trade in meeting both national and global sustainability targets. The results show not only the importance of increasingly stringent policies in meeting the targets, but also the role that population and consumption (e.g., diets) play in meeting the targets. Both the medium and high ambition sustainability pathways can drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions while protecting forestland.

This study presents the first high-resolution national inventory of anthropogenic emissions for Chile (Inventario Nacional de Emisiones Antropogénicas, INEMA). Emissions for the vehicular, industrial, energy, mining and residential sectors are estimated for the period 2015–2017 and spatially distributed onto a high-resolution grid (approximately 1 km×1 km). The pollutants included are CO2, NOx, SO2, CO, VOCs (volatile organic compounds), NH3 and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) for all sectors. CH4 and black carbon are included for transport and residential sources, while arsenic, benzene, mercury, lead, toluene, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furan (PCDD/F) are estimated for energy, mining and industrial sources. New activity data and emissions factors are compiled to estimate emissions, which are subsequently spatially distributed using census data and Chile's road network information. The estimated annual average total national emissions of PM10 and PM2.5 during the study period are 191 and 173kt a−1 (kilotons per year), respectively. The residential sector is responsible for over 90 % of these emissions. This sector also emits 81 % and 87 % of total CO and VOC, respectively. On the other hand, the energy and industry sectors contribute significantly to NH3, SO2 and CO2 emissions, while the transport sector dominates NOx and CO2 emissions, and the mining sector dominates SO2 emissions. In general, emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants and CO2 in northern Chile are dominated by mining activities as well as thermoelectric power plants, while in central Chile the dominant sources are transport and residential emissions. The latter also mostly dominates emissions in southern Chile, which has a much colder climate. Preliminary analysis revealed the dominant role of the emission factors in the final emission uncertainty. Nevertheless, uncertainty in activity data also contributes as suggested by the difference in CO2 emissions between INEMA and EDGAR (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research). A comparison between these two inventories also revealed considerable differences for all pollutants in terms of magnitude and sectoral contribution, especially for the residential sector. EDGAR presents larger emissions for most of the pollutants except for CH4 and PM2.5. The differences between both inventories can partly be explained by the use of different emission factors, in particular for the residential sector, where emission factors incorporate information on firewood and local operation conditions. Although both inventories use similar emission factors, differences in CO2 emissions between both inventories indicate biases in the quantification of the activity. This inventory (available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784286, Alamos et al., 2021) will support the design of policies that seek to mitigate climate change and improve air quality by providing policymakers, stakeholders and scientists with qualified scientific spatially explicit emission information.

Family firms are the foundation of economies across the world. Yet, little is understood about what motivates sustainability in these firms, particularly in developing economies. In this study, we examine family forestry and tourism firms in Chile and India and use a novel stated-choice method to understand preferences for sustainability and the trade-offs with profit maximization, law and regulation, and family relations (among others). There were heterogeneous preferences across the sample, with respondents favoring financial outcomes and viewing regulation negatively. Respondents preferred positive environmental impacts, and this was significantly favored by tourism firms. Forestry firms were particularly focused on maintaining satisfactory family relationships, where there was stronger family involvement in the firm’s management decisions. Indian respondents were more likely to prefer the expansion option in the choice study (financial outcomes), while Chileans preferred the eco-labeling choice (sustainability), suggesting more supportive sustainability norms in Chile. Chileans were more likely to exceed legal compliance in their choice selection and favored positive environmental impacts more. Overall, tourism firms were larger in terms of revenues and favored the eco-labeling choice with positive environmental impacts but with minimal regulations, while forestry favored expansion. These differences may be driven by the resources available to tourism firms for supporting sustainability measures and the importance of sustainability to their business models. Policies to support sustainability among family firms must account for their heterogeneity and must provide supports and incentives rather than regulations to facilitate sustainability.

Currently, information about the psychometric properties of the Social Support Networks Scale (SSNS) for family caregivers of children with cancer is not yet available; therefore, there is no empirical evidence of its validity and reliability to support its use in this population. The aim of this study is to determine a factorial model of the SSNS, estimate its internal consistency reliability, describe its distribution, and check its concurrent validity. A convenience sample of 633 family caregivers of children with cancer hospitalized in a National Institute of Health in Mexico City was collected. The SSNS, a sociodemographic variables questionnaire, and three instruments that evaluated family functioning, quality of life, and resilience were applied. The five-factor model had a poor data fit and lacked discriminant validity. The sample was divided. In a subsample of 316 participants, exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor model. When testing the four-factor model through confirmatory factor analysis, religious support was independent of family support, friend support, and lack of support. In the other subsample of 317 participants, the one-factor model for religious support had a good fit, and the correlated three-factor model, with the remaining factors, showed an acceptable fit. Reliability ranged from acceptable (Guttman’s λ2 = 0.72) to good (λ2 = 0.88). Socio-family support and its three factors were correlated with family functioning, resilience, and quality of life. Religious support was correlated with four factors of resilience and quality of life. A scale of socio-family support with three factors and an independent scale for religious support are defined from the SSNS, and they showed internal consistency and construct validity.

We present the design of a low-cost (~$400 USD) and high-precision power supply for silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), widely used in particle detection and photon-counting applications. The system provides four independent output channels, each delivering a tunable bias voltage from 10-58 V with 10mV resolution and less than 1mV noise level. Each channel incorporates a PT100 temperature sensor (15 °C–40 °C range) enabling real-time thermal monitoring and automatic temperature-compensated voltage adjustment to stabilize SiPM gain. The device also supports individual voltage calibration and storage of optimal operating points. Integrated current limiting (100μA/channel) protects the sensors. This compact and versatile design offers a cost-effective alternative to commercial systems, with features tailored for research and development settings. Presentamos el diseño de una fuente de alimentación de bajo coste (~400 USD) y alta precisión para fotomultiplicadores de silicio (SiPMs), ampliamente utilizados en aplicaciones de detección de partículas y conteo de fotones. El sistema ofrece cuatro canales de salida independientes, cada uno con un voltaje de polarización ajustable entre 10 V y 58 V, con una resolución de 10 mV y un nivel de ruido inferior a 1 mV. Cada canal incorpora un sensor de temperatura PT100 (rango de 15 °C a 40 °C), lo que permite el monitoreo térmico en tiempo real y el ajuste automático del voltaje compensado por temperatura para estabilizar la ganancia del SiPM. El dispositivo también permite la calibración individual del voltaje y el almacenamiento de los puntos óptimos de operación. Un limitador de corriente integrado (100 μA por canal) protege a los sensores. Este diseño compacto y versátil representa una alternativa económica a los sistemas comerciales, con prestaciones orientadas a entornos de investigación y desarrollo.

ABSTRACT – This paper seeks to understand the undergoing digital transformations of the Chilean media system, based on the gaps, challenges, and opportunities that are currently facing the industrial and commercial organization of native digital media in Chile. In the Chilean case, the emergence of native digital media was developed with the new media business models in a context of a crisis of traditional modes of media financing. To study this process, we propose a descriptive-exploratory study focusing on six paradigmatic cases based on a campaign of semi-structured interviews (12) and a platform biography (6) to gather information on the structures, dynamics, and evolution of business models in the journalistic sites of these digital native media. Semi-structured interviews with founders/owners (FD) and monetization managers (MM), allow us to understand the reasons and objectives that underpin these transformations. Our sample is composed of six Chilean native digital media, which are legally registered in the relevant national information system in the Chilean public sphere (Reuters, 2022). The results of this analytical exercise show the tensions that occur in the business model’s five key dimensions: sustainability, innovation, associativity, community building, and journalistic added value. Towards the end, we list the study’s limitations and the understanding of the development of digital native media in Chile. RESUMO – Este artigo procura entender as transformações digitais que o sistema de notícias chileno está passando, com base nas lacunas, desafios e oportunidades que estão atualmente enfrentando as organizações industriais e comerciais da mídia digital nativa no Chile. No caso chileno, o surgimento da mídia digital nativa se deu com os novos modelos de negócios de mídia em um contexto de crise dos modos tradicionais de financiamento da mídia. Para estudar este processo, propomos desenvolver um estudo descritivo-explicativo centrado em seis casos paradigmáticos, baseado em entrevistas semi-estruturadas (12) e uma plataforma de biografia (6), para reunir informações sobre as estruturas, dinâmicas e evolução dos modelos de negócios nos sites jornalísticos destes meios de comunicação nativos digitais. Entrevistas semi-estruturadas com fundadores/proprietários (FD) e gestores de monetização (MM), nos permitem compreender as razões e objetivos que sustentam estas transformações. Nossa amostra é composta por seis mídias digitais nativas chilenas, que estão legalmente registradas no sistema nacional de informação de relevância na esfera pública chilena (Reuters, 2022). Os resultados deste exercício analítico mostram as tensões que ocorrem em cinco dimensões-chave do modelo de negócios: sustentabilidade, inovação, associatividade, construção de comunidades e valor agregado jornalístico. Ao final listamos as limitações do estudo e a compreensão do desenvolvimento da mídia digital nativa no Chile. RESUMEN – Este trabajo busca comprender las transformaciones digitales que está experimentando el sistema informativo chileno, a partir de las brechas, desafíos y oportunidades que enfrenta actualmente la organización industrial y comercial de los medios nativos digitales en Chile. En el caso chileno, el surgimiento de los medios nativos digitales se desarrolló con los nuevos modelos de negocio de los medios en un contexto de crisis de los modos tradicionales de financiación de los medios. Para estudiar este proceso, nos proponemos desarrollar un estudio descriptivo-explicativo centrado en seis casos paradigmáticos, basado en entrevistas semiestructuradas (12) y una plataforma de biografías (6), para recabar información sobre las estructuras, dinámicas y evolución de los modelos de negocio en los sitios web periodísticos de estos medios nativos digitales. Las entrevistas semiestructuradas a fundadores/propietarios (FD) gestores de monetización (MM), nos permiten comprender las razones y objetivos que sustentan estas transformaciones. Nuestra muestra está compuesta por seis medios digitales nativos chilenos, que están legalmente registrados en el sistema nacional de información de relevancia en la esfera pública chilena (Reuters, 2022). Los resultados de este ejercicio analítico muestran las tensiones que se producen en cinco dimensiones clave del modelo de negocio: sostenibilidad, innovación, asociatividad, construcción de comunidad y valor añadido periodístico. Hacia el final se enumeran las limitaciones del estudio y la comprensión del desarrollo de los medios nativos digitales en Chile.

This work shows a methodology of implementation and testing of the system is proposed and tested with a prototype; it is constructed with sensors and actuators that allow monitoring the behavior of the system in an environment under threats. We used an IDS / IPS as a protection tool for IoT systems, based on Raspberry Pi and Raspbian operating system. It is described in a block diagram the testing method used. We implemented the IDS/IPS Snort tool in an embedded platform Raspberry. It presents also the state of the art of cloud frameworks that have the same objective of protecting. The main contribution is the implemented testing method for Snort that can be used with security rules in other applications of embedded IoT devices.

A significant body of legal academic writing produced in recent years has argued that one of the primary purposes of the First Amendment's Religion Clauses was to protect freedom of conscience. But in the two decades since the Supreme Court's decision in Employment Division v. Smith, a number of commentators have suggested that freedom of conscience has lost its place as the focus of Free Exercise and Establishment Clause jurisprudence. Indeed, some have gone so far as to argue that protection for freedom of conscience has disappeared from the Free Exercise Clause almost entirely, leaving conduct that is motivated by a religious conscience without special constitutional protection. To be sure, some protection for freedom of conscience remains—but its constitutional source is often to be found outside of the Religion Clauses and its concern is often with non-religious activity. This evolution of doctrine has been extensively criticized by scholars of the Religion Clauses, many of whom view these developments as departures from original intent and from long-settled constitutional practice. Michael McConnell, Martha Nussbaum, and others have also advanced normative critiques, arguing that religious conscience is in many ways distinctive and merits distinctive constitutional solicitude under the Free Exercise Clause. At the same time, the Supreme Court's rejection of special privileges for religious claims of conscience has been welcomed by other scholars, some of whom have argued that preferential protection for religiously-motivated conduct is a form of unconstitutional discrimination. Two of the most prominent proponents of this position are Christopher Eisgruber and Lawrence Sager, who maintain that the Religion Clauses should be read to promote equal liberty rather than to provide special exemptions.

The Supreme Court's decision in Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission has been roundly criticized for its failure to engage with difficult questions of constitutional law and for its absence of analytical clarity. While the Court reiterated that states have the authority to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, the Court also held that states must treat religious objectors' claims with an ill-defined degree of neutrality and respect under the Free Exercise Clause. The combination of the majority opinion's analytical shortcomings and Justice Kennedy's departure from the bench has left the doctrinal landscape in a state of uncertainty, even as controversies between service providers and same-sex couples continue to arise. But Masterpiece Cakeshop is not the only recent high court case that can provide insights into how to resolve tensions between religious liberty and antidiscrimination principles. In 2018, the U.K. Supreme Court decided Lee v. Ashers Baking Company Ltd., which similarly arose out of a shop's refusal to provide a cake to a customer because of the owners' religious objections to samesex marriage. Like its American counterpart, the British Supreme Court reversed the decisions of lower tribunals and ruled in favor of the bakery. Yet despite these commonalities, there are important differences between the two cases. Most notably, the analysis in Ashers Baking Company improves upon the analysis in Masterpiece Cakeshop by drawing sharper distinctions between permissible and impermissible refusals to serve patrons, and by providing clearer indications that respect for freedoms of speech and religion need not imperil the viability of laws prohibiting discrimination. Ashers Baking Company thus has the potential to enrich the ongoing process of resolving the doctrinal uncertainty that persists under American constitutional law, and to highlight the benefits of transatlantic dialogue regarding questions of liberty and equality.