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Like all other fast-growing lower- income countries, Bangladesh is also experiencing rapid urban growth and fast construction is a dire need. The Global trend of utilizing shipping containers for construction in Bangladesh also follows the trend. Bangladesh has abundant used shipping containers due to export-import through major seaports and strategic geographical locations. Recycled shipping containers are mostly used for commercial, retail, and business purposes rather than residential use in our contexts. However, studies focusing on shipping containers in lower- income countries are limited. Some Research focuses on an economic perspective and others based on sustainability. However, studies on the design aspects of shipping containers for commercial purposes are rare. This research examines the potential use of shipping containers for commercial purposes, focusing on the Design Statement, Modularity, Eco-friendly features, Customization, Cost-effectiveness, Renewable resources, Thermal Performance, and Strength. We seek to contrast conventional views and reveal new insights into their viability for larger-scale implementation through the case study of three commercial projects in Dhaka through a mixed-method approach. Systematic observation of spatial layout during field and questionnaire surveys was conducted to collect data. The results were analysed through inferential statistical analysis of the questionnaire data and comparative analysis of the observation data. This research will help architects and engineers comprehend the design scope using shipping containers for the fast-expanding construction market.

Background Studies of correlates of active transport to and from school (ATS) focus mainly on children, have a limited conceptualisation of ATS trips, lack heterogeneity in built environments, and rarely consider effect modifiers. This study aimed to estimate associations of parent-perceived neighbourhood environment characteristics with self-reported ATS among adolescents from 14 countries, and whether associations differ by sex, city/region, and distance to school. Methods Observational cross-sectional design. Data were from the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) Adolescent study and included 6302 adolescents (mean age 14.5 ± 1.7 years, 54% girls) and a caretaker from 16 diverse sites. Adolescents self-reported usual travel to and from school by walking and bicycling (days/week) and time it would take to walk. Parents completed the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth (13 scores computed). Generalised additive mixed models estimated associations of parent neighbourhood perceptions with 1) any active transport to/from school, 2) regular walking (5–10 times/week), 3) regular cycling to/from school, and 4) profiles of ATS generated using latent profile analyses. Interactions were also explored. Results Overall, 58.7% reported any ATS, 39.9% regularly walked, 7.7% regularly cycled, and four profiles of ATS were identified: walk to and from school; walk from school; cycle to and from school; no ATS. Distance to school was negatively associated with all outcomes, though evidence was weak for regular cycling to/from school. Land use mix – diversity was positively related to all ATS outcomes except those related to cycling. Accessibility and walking facilities were associated with higher odds of any ATS, regular walking to/from school, and the profile walking to and from school. Residential density was negatively related to regular cycling to/from school. Positive associations were observed between traffic safety and any ATS, and between safety from crime, aesthetics, and odds of regular cycling to/from school. Distance to school, adolescent sex, and city moderated several associations. Conclusions Parent perceptions of compact, mixed-use development, walking facilities, and both traffic and crime-related safety were important supportive correlates of a range of ATS outcomes among adolescents in high- and low-middle-income countries. Policies that achieve these attributes should be prioritised to support more widespread ATS.