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Background The Institute of Medicine recommends developing a broader workforce of mental health providers, including nontraditional providers, to expand services for older adults. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is effective for late‐life generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), but no study has examined outcomes with delivery by lay providers working under the supervision of licensed providers. The current study examined the effects of CBT delivered by lay, bachelor‐level providers (BLP) relative to Ph.D.‐level expert providers (PLP), and usual care (UC) in older adults with GAD. Methods Participants were 223 older adults (mean age, 66.9 years) with GAD recruited from primary care clinics at two sites and assigned randomly to BLP (n = 76), PLP (n = 74), or UC (n = 73). Assessments occurred at baseline and 6 months. CBT in BLP and PLP included core and elective modules (3 months: skills training; 3 months: skills review) delivered in person and by telephone, according to patient choice. Results CBT in both BLP and PLP groups significantly improved GAD severity (GAD Severity Scale), anxiety (Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory; Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety Scale), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire), insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index), and mental health quality of life (Short‐Form‐12), relative to UC. Response rates defined by 20% reduction from pre‐ to posttreatment in at least three of four primary outcomes were higher for study completers in BLP and PLP relative to UC (BLP: 38.5%; PLP: 40.0%; UC: 19.1%). Conclusion Lay providers, working under the supervision of licensed providers, can deliver effective CBT.

Quality of life (QOL) is lower in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). QOL generally improves following cognitive-behavioral treatment for GAD. Little is known, however, about additional variables predicting changes in QOL in older adults with GAD. This study examined predictors of change in QOL among older participants in a randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for GAD, relative to enhanced usual care (EUC). Hierarchical multilevel mixed-model analyses were used to examine inter-individual and intra-individual factors that predicted QOL over time. Predictors were categorized into treatment, personal and clinical characteristics. QOL improved over time, and there was significant variability between participants in change in QOL. Controlling for treatment condition, baseline general self-efficacy, baseline social support, within-person variation in worry and depression and average levels of depression across different time points predicted changes in QOL. QOL has increasingly been used as an outcome measure in treatment outcome studies to focus on overall improvement in functioning. Attention to improvement in symptoms of depression and worry, along with psychosocial variables, such as social support and self-efficacy, may help improve QOL in older adults with GAD. This study was a secondary study of data from a randomized clinical trial (NCT00308724) registered with clinical.trials.gov.

To elucidate disparities in clinical and legal documentation for patients admitted involuntarily to a county psychiatric hospital in Texas. The study sample comprised of 89 randomly selected patients, involuntarily hospitalized to our facility in September 2011. All patients met criteria for involuntary detention based on the legal documents filed by admitting psychiatrists. Electronic medical records were reviewed to assess if the clinical documentation from the same date when legal documents were filed; demonstrated criteria for involuntary detention (harm to self, harm to others, inability to care for self). A logistic regression model was used to assess the predictors of concordance between legal and clinical documentation of involuntary detention criteria. Of 89, 6 patients were made voluntary, while two were discharged within 24 h, thus removed from the analysis pool. Of 81, 31(38.2 %) patients lacked sufficient clinical documentation on medical records required for involuntary hospitalization. Patients, for whom detention was justified in clinical notes, were more likely to have single marital status, longer duration of hospitalization and they were more likely to undergo commitment for further inpatient mental health treatment. Our study found that involuntary detention of many patients based on the legal documents filed by admitting psychiatrists was not justified by the clinical documentation. This indicates that appropriate standards are not maintained when completing the medical certificates for involuntary detention. Maintaining appropriate standards may reduce the need for involuntary hospitalization, increase patient autonomy, and reduce resource utilization.

To determine the association of early and long-term reductions in worry symptoms after cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in older adults. Substudy of larger randomized controlled trial. Family medicine clinic and large multispecialty health organization in Houston, TX, between March 2004 and August 2006. Patients (N = 76) aged 60 years or older with a principal or coprincipal diagnosis of GAD, excluding those with significant cognitive impairment, bipolar disorder, psychosis, or active substance abuse. CBT, up to 10 sessions for 12 weeks, or enhanced usual care (regular, brief telephone calls, and referrals to primary care provider as needed). Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) administered by telephone at baseline, 1 month (mid treatment), 3 months (posttreatment), and at 3-month intervals through 15 months (1-year follow-up). The authors used binary logistic regression analysis to determine the association between early (1 month) response and treatment responder status (reduction of more than 8.5 points on the PSWQ) at 3 and 15 months. The authors also used hierarchical linear modeling to determine the relationship of early response to the trajectory of score change after posttreatment. Reduction in PSWQ scores after the first month predicted treatment response at posttreatment and follow-up, controlling for treatment arm and baseline PSWQ score. The magnitude of early reduction also predicted the slope of score change from posttreatment through the 15-month  assessment. Early  symptom reduction is associated with long-term outcomes after psychotherapy in older adults with GAD.

Recent research by Wetherell et al. investigating the differential response to group-administered cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in older adults found that GAD severity, homework adherence, and psychiatric comorbidity predicted statistically significant improvement. The current study investigated whether the presence/absence of cognitive errors on separate domains of the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) predicted baseline differences in symptom severity and improvement following CBT, above and beyond already established predictors. Baseline characteristics were investigated in a sample of 208 older patients diagnosed with GAD. Predictors of treatment response were examined in a subsample of 65 patients who completed CBT and were included in a prior study by Wetherell et al. of response predictors. Results from the baseline sample indicated that only subjects who committed an error on the MMSE Working Memory domain exhibited increased severity in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results from the treatment sample indicated that an error on the MMSE Orientation domain was a significant predictor of outcome at 6-month follow-up, while controlling for previously established predictors. Patients who committed at least one error in this domain showed decreased response relative to patients who committed no errors. In this sample of older adults diagnosed with GAD, poor performance on the MMSE Working Memory domain was associated with increased baseline anxiety and depression, while baseline performance differences on the MMSE Orientation domain predicted outcome six months after CBT intervention.

Physical illness may precipitate psychological distress among older adults. This study examines whether social support and self-efficacy moderate the associations between physical health and depression and anxiety. Predictions were tested in 222 individuals age 60 or older presenting for help with worry. Physical health was assessed through self-report (subjective) and physical diagnoses (objective). Objective physical health did not have a significant association with depression or anxiety. Worse subjective physical health was associated with increased somatic anxiety, but not with depression or worry. The relationship between subjective physical health and depressive symptoms was moderated by self-efficacy and social support. As predicted, when self-efficacy was low, physical health had its strongest negative association with depressive symptoms such that as physical health improved, depressive symptoms also improved. However, the moderation effect was not as expected for social support; at high levels of social support, worse physical health was associated with increased depressive affect.

The Institute of Medicine advocates the examination of innovative models of care to expand mental health services available for older adults. This article describes training and supervision procedures in a recent clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for older adults with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) delivered by bachelor-level lay providers (BLPs) and to Ph.D.-level expert providers (PLPs). Supervision and training differences, ratings by treatment integrity raters (TIRs), treatment characteristics, and patient perceptions between BLPs and PLPs are examined. The training and supervision procedures for BLPs led to comparable integrity ratings, patient perceptions, and treatment characteristics compared with PLPs. These results support this training protocol as a model for future implementation and effectiveness trials of CBT for late-life GAD, with treatment delivered by lay providers supervised by a licensed provider in other practice settings.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined two major methadone treatment factors, visit frequency and methadone dose, posited to be important in reducing intravenous drug use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. METHODS: One hundred fifty opiate-dependent subjects randomly assigned to four groups received 50 or 80 mg of methadone and attended a clinic 2 or 5 days per week. RESULTS: Survival analysis indicated higher dropout rates for groups having five vs two visits per week (Chi2[1]=7.76). Higher proportions of opiate-positive results on urine screens were associated with lower methadone doses (F[1,91]=4.74). CONCLUSIONS: Receiving take-home doses early in treatment enhanced treatment retention. The 50-mg dose combined with five visits per week produced the worst outcome. Fewer visits enhanced retention at 50 mg, but opiate use rates were higher at this dose than they were for either 80-mg group. The HIV infection rate at entry was 9%. No subjects seroconverted during the study. Risk behaviors for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome declined over time regardless of group/dose assignment. These results have important implications for modification of regulatory and clinic policy changes.

Concurrent abuse of cocaine and heroin is a common problem. Methadone is effective for opioid dependence. The question arises as to whether combining agonist-like or antagonist-like medication for cocaine with methadone for opioid dependence might be efficacious. Two parallel studies were conducted. One examined sustained release d-amphetamine and the other risperidone for cocaine dependence, each in combination with methadone. In total, 240 subjects (120/study) were recruited, who were both cocaine and heroin dependent and not currently receiving medication. All provided consent. Both studies were carried out for 26 weeks, randomized, double-blind and placebo controlled. Study I compared sustained release d-amphetamine (escalating 15-30 or 30-60 mg) and placebo. Study II examined risperidone (2 or 4 mg) and placebo. All subjects underwent methadone induction and were stabilized at 1.1 mg/kg. Subjects attended clinic twice/week, provided urine samples, obtained medication take-home doses for intervening days, and completed self-report measures. Each had one behavioral therapy session/week. In Study I, reduction in cocaine use was significant for the 30/60 mg dose compared to the 15/30 mg and placebo. Opioid use was reduced in all groups with a trend toward greater reduction in the 30/60 mg d-amphetamine group. In Study II, methadone reduced illicit opioid use but cocaine use did not change in the risperidone or placebo groups. There were no adverse medication interactions in either study. The results provide support for the agonist-like (d-amphetamine) model in cocaine dependence treatment but not for antagonist-like (risperidone) treatment. They coincide with our previous reports of amphetamine or risperidone administered singly in cocaine-dependent individuals.

This gender-specific research study compares the relative effectiveness of two theory-based interventions targeting women who smoke. Women with coronary artery disease (CAD; n = 53) or CAD risk factors (n = 107) were randomly assigned to either coping-skills Relapse Prevention (RP) treatment or an educational/supportive treatment based on Health Belief Model (HBM) principles. RP was comparable, but not superior to HBM treatment, as indicated by the lack of differential smoking outcomes at 3 and 6 months. RP was more effective than HBM for women with low self-efficacy, as predicted. The presence of a smoking-related disease had a substantial effect on smoking status, in that the odds of being abstinent at 6 months were 2.2 times greater for non-diagnosed women when compared with CAD women. These findings indicate that more potent relapse prevention interventions are needed to increase cessation rates in women who smoke, especially those with established heart disease.