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The presence of mosquitoes in a certain area is sufficient evidence of the transmission of diseases, in addition to the inconvenience and harassment they cause to the population. In order for mosquito control to be successful, there must be sufficient reports and information about the extent of the distribution and spread of the mosquito in this area. This study was conducted seasonally to calculate the distribution and abundance of mosquitoes and to initially detect hepatitis C virus in the most abundant species collected in some localities: Kafr Saqr (Hanot, El-Kodah, Abo Shokok, El-Hagarsa); Abo Kebeer (Manshat Radwan, Bane Aiat, Al-Rahmania, Horbat); Diarb Negm (Safor, El-Asaied, Karmot Sahbara, Saft Zreka); and El-Zakazik (Om El-Zein, Bany Amer, Al-Zankalon, Shanbrt El-Mimona) along Sharkia Governorate. According to the results, 12 mosquito species belonging to two genera were recorded in four stations (16 sites). The species Culex pipiens was found to be the most abundant across the majority of locations. It is reaching its peak in Al-Zankalon with a maximum count of 139 ± 7.61 individuals. C. antennatus exhibited a significant level of abundance (p < 0.001), especially in Al-Rahmania (82.5 ± 4.3). Species such as C. perexiguus and An. pharoensis were found in moderate-to-low numbers. The prevailing species is C. pipiens in all locations and seasons, especially during the summer. Other species like C. antennatus and An. pharoensis are also important, although their significance is somewhat less pronounced. Clusters of sites with similar features indicate that specific locations or species exhibit consistent patterns of activity or abundance throughout several seasons. These clusters represent groups of locations that share similar characteristics, as determined by the principal components. The findings of detecting hepatitis C virus in C. pipiens (the most abundant species) collected samples showed negative results for the presence of HCV during the summer season in Sharkia Governorate.

Due to the medical importance of flies as mechanical vectors of numerous pathogens, accurate information on their distribution, abundance, and associated bacterial communities is essential. This study investigated the diversity, preliminary seasonal observations, and bacterial associations of medically important flies in Sharkia Governorate through field surveys conducted from 2022 to 2023. A total of twelve fly species belonging to five families Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Piophilidae, and Phoridae were identified. Chrysomya megacephala exhibited marked seasonal variation, whereas Sarcophaga carnaria showed relatively stable activity. Chrysomya albiceps , Lucilia sericata , and Piophila casei were absent during winter despite their presence in summer. Musca domestica was the most abundant species across all seasons, with Muscidae representing the dominant family (p < 0.001), followed by Calliphoridae (p < 0.05), while other families were significantly less abundant. Biodiversity indices, including Shannon and Simpson metrics, indicated high species diversity throughout the year with a slight decline during winter. Evenness values reflected balanced species distribution, and the highest Fisher’s alpha and Margalef richness indices were recorded during summer, highlighting the influence of temperature on community structure. Bacterial analysis of M. domestica body surfaces revealed that 80% of isolates were pathogenic species, while 20% were classified as non-pathogenic. These findings emphasize the ecological and public health significance of flies and highlight their potential role in pathogen transmission within the study area.

Purpose Recently, conserving irrigation water via application of deficit irrigation is a main priority, particularly in aridity and semi- aridity conditions. However, water deficiency is one of the major issues that hinder crop production worldwide. Also, knowledge regarding the physiological efficiency of microbial inoculation (MI) to shrink drought impacts in broccoli is unclear. We hypothesized that AMF and TRI fungi may have different mechanisms to modulate the physiological state and growth of broccoli to be more tolerant to drought stress. Methods A field experiment in two seasons of 2023-24 and 2024-25 was conducted to assess the influence of MI on drought tolerance in broccoli. A mycorrhiza inoculum (AMF) and Trichoderma (TRI) inoculum were applied under 100, 80, 60 and 40% of irrigation requirements, IR (referred to as IR100, IR80, IR60 and IR40, respectively). Firstly, the MI was applied in the nursery after sowing the seeds in the seed trays, further, MI was applied two times, 28 and 38 days after transplanting (DAT) with the drip irrigation system, while the irrigation regimes started on 27 DAT. The treatments were designed in a strip-plot system in a complete randomized block with three replicates (trial unit size was 12 m 2 ). At 70 DAT, soil plant analysis development (SPAD), membrane stability index (MSI), relative water content (RWC), proline content, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and total antioxidant activity of broccoli leaves were assessed, while at 85 DAT the fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, leaf area and head yield were estimated. Results Findings clarified that application of AMF and TRI inoculations under different levels of drought improved significantly ( p  < 0.05) SPAD, MSI and RWC compared to the corresponding control treatments, except AMF with IR60 for SPAD and TRI with IR60 for SPAD and MSI and with IR40 for SPAD. Under IR60 regime, AMF achieved the maximum improvements ( p  < 0.05) in peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase, significantly equaling ( p  > 0.05) TRI for peroxidase. AMF×IR60 was the effective interaction for achieving the maximal values of total phenolic, total flavonoids and total antioxidant activity in broccoli, equaling ( p  > 0.05) TRI×IR60 combination in total phenolic. Compared to the counterpart control (CK) treatments the increases in proline content due to AMF or TRI applications amounted to 26.4 and 30.0% with IR80, 25.0 and 15.6% with IR60 and 36.6 and 32.5% with IR40, respectively. It is worth to observe that IR80×AMF combination achieved shoot dry weight and head yield values similar ( p  > 0.05) to IR100×AMF combination. Conclusion Briefly, it can be concluded that microbial inoculations, specifically AMF, can relieve the injuries of drought. Practically, broccoli growers can save irrigation water by 20% with inoculating plants by mycorrhiza to maintain crop productivity and quality under water deficiency circumstances.

Synovial chondromatosis (SC) is a rare, benign condition characterized by the formation of cartilaginous nodules within the synovial membrane of joints. We present a case of primary SC of the ankle in a 49-year-old female who experienced persistent ankle pain and restricted range of motion. She was successfully treated with arthroscopic removal of loose bodies and synovial debridement. A review of the literature since 2010 was conducted to compare outcomes between open and arthroscopic management of ankle SC. The findings suggest that while both approaches are effective and have similar long term outcomes, arthroscopy may offer slight advantage in terms of reduced morbidity, faster rehabilitation, and improved patient satisfaction.

A 3-month experiment was designed to investigate the effects of different stocking densities on growth, stress markers, intestinal digestive enzymes, hepatic antioxidant biomarkers, serum immunity, and survivability of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The relationship between fish stocking densities and water quality parameters was also assessed. Healthy fish (n = 1260 individuals, 17.52 ± 0.20 g) were raised in twelve fiberglass tanks. Triplicate fish groups with stocking densities of 60, 90, 120, or 150 fish per 1 m3 were designed, further referred to as SD60, SD90, SD120, and SD150 groups. Fish feeding was done using a commercially purchased well-balanced diet three times per day with a feeding rate of 3% of the wet fish weight. Results revealed that un-ionized ammonia, nitrite, and pH were significantly elevated, and dissolved oxygen levels were decreased significantly with increasing the stocking densities. The survival rates and growth significantly decreased with increasing fish stocking densities. The intestinal lipase, protease, trypsin, and amylase enzymes decreased significantly (P < 0.05) along with increased stocking densities. Moreover, significant decreases were noticed in total protein, lysozyme activity, and globulin levels when the stocking density was higher than 60 fish/m3. Conversely, serum stress biomarkers (such as blood glucose and cortisol), transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and blood urea nitrogen were significantly elevated with increasing stocking densities. Hepatic CAT, SOD, and T-AOC were decreased; meanwhile, hepatic MDA levels were significantly increased, together with the stocking rates. In the end, we found that the SD150 group recorded the lowest growth rates, immune responses, and antioxidant capacity and the highest stress markers as blood glucose and cortisol. In this context, we can conclude that the stocking 60 fish/m3 resulted in better growth, survival, immunity, antioxidant status, and overall performances of striped catfish.

Stress-strength models have been frequently studied in recent years. An applicable extension of these models is conditional stress-strength models. The maximum likelihood estimator of conditional stress-strength models, asymptotic distribution of this estimator, and its confidence intervals are obtained for Kumaraswamy distribution. In addition, Bayesian estimation and bootstrap method are applied to the model.

The objective of this study was to analyze the value of routine metabolic screening tests in children with an intellectual disability (ID) and its impact on improving their outcome and quality of life through appropriate intervention and treatment. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Khafji Joint Operations Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A total of 150 children with nonsyndromic ID (66% males) in the age range of 5-17 years were compared with 50 apparently healthy age- and sex-matched controls. All studied groups were subjected to detailed history taking, family pedigree, thorough clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, routine laboratory investigations and urine metabolic screening tests (ferric chloride test and toluidine blue spot test and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Electroencephalography, IQ, psychiatric assessment and chromosomal study were done for the patient group only. Positive consanguineous marriage, older maternal or paternal age and family history of mental disabilities in other siblings were considered as risk factors for the development of mental disabilities. History of admission to neonatal intensive care unit was significantly higher among the patient group than among the controls ( <0.05). Metabolic screening tests showed that up to 35% of patients were positive for ferric chloride test, 9% of patients were positive for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and only 7 out of 150 (4.7%) patients were toluidine blue test positive. Metabolic testing should be considered in the workup of individuals with nonsyndromic ID, which will need further specific investigations to confirm the diagnosis and determine the possible treatable cases.

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the value of routine metabolic screening tests in children with an intellectual disability (ID) and its impact on improving their outcome and quality of life through appropriate intervention and treatment. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Al Khafji Joint Operations Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A total of 150 children with nonsyndromic ID (66% males) in the age range of 5–17 years were compared with 50 apparently healthy age- and sex-matched controls. All studied groups were subjected to detailed history taking, family pedigree, thorough clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, routine laboratory investigations and urine metabolic screening tests (ferric chloride test and toluidine blue spot test and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). Electroencephalography, IQ, psychiatric assessment and chromosomal study were done for the patient group only. Results: Positive consanguineous marriage, older maternal or paternal age and family history of mental disabilities in other siblings were considered as risk factors for the development of mental disabilities. History of admission to neonatal intensive care unit was significantly higher among the patient group than among the controls (P<0.05). Metabolic screening tests showed that up to 35% of patients were positive for ferric chloride test, 9% of patients were positive for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and only 7 out of 150 (4.7%) patients were toluidine blue test positive. Conclusion: Metabolic testing should be considered in the workup of individuals with nonsyndromic ID, which will need further specific investigations to confirm the diagnosis and determine the possible treatable cases.