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Patients' knowledge about their prescribed medicines is one of the most important antecedents of successful therapy. Poor knowledge about medicines can lead to serious consequences such as non-adherence and misunderstanding of the significance of adverse events. The objective of this study is to understand the factors that are responsible for a patients' lack of knowledge regarding their medicines, by taking the perspective of the patient as well as that of healthcare professionals. Much of the work in this area has been undertaken in the setting of developed or semi-developed countries, and there is a scarcity of information from developing nations such as Pakistan. This was a large qualitative study set in the hospital outpatient environment in a teaching hospital in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Data were collected from dialogue with patients (n = 19) and healthcare providers (n = 16) i.e., doctors and dispensers (where a dispenser is a person who merely dispenses medicines; i.e. is not a pharmacist) through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Patients having limited knowledge about their dispensed medicines were assessed using a checklist. The healthcare providers were recruited through a convenience sampling strategy, based on their availability and willingness to participate in the study. Based on the objectives of the study, a pilot tested interview protocol was developed, and used to conduct the interviews. The sample size was controlled by using saturation point criteria. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed to draw conclusions using inductive thematic content analysis. The analysis of data yielded 31 categories (patients = 19, healthcare professionals = 12), 10 subthemes and three themes. The major themes were healthcare professional-related factors, patient-related factors and system-related factors. The health professional related subthemes included: behaviour and attitude and professional liabilities and liaison. The patient related subthemes included: eagerness of the patients and lack of understanding and misconception. The system-related factors included: patients with special needs, perceived role of the pharmacist, prescription and medicines, and staff workload. Healthcare professional related, patient related and system related factors have a significant influence on patients' knowledge about dispensed medicines. The non-professional behaviour of doctors, increased staff workload, inadequate time and attention provided by healthcare professionals to patients, illiteracy of patients, lack of specialized labelling on medicines for illiterate patients and absence of pharmacists at the hospital, were the major concerns identified in this study. The study points to a need for appropriate patient education and counselling with regards medicines, improved coordination between hospital staff, and provision of some basic system-related facilities which are pivotal for enhancing patients' knowledge and adherence to their treatment regimens.

An investigation has been made to study the off-centered stagnation flow of a couple stress fluid over a rotating disk. The model developed for the governing problem in the form of partial differential equations has been converted to ordinary differential equations with the use of suitable similarity transformation. The analytical approximation has been made with the most promising analytical approach, homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence region of the obtained solution is determined and plotted. The effects of couple stress and nondimensional parameters have been observed on the flows of couple stress fluid. Also comparison has been made with the Newtonian fluid as the special case of considered problem.

Vaccines are an important part of the COVID-19 pandemic response plan. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the attitude and perception levels of parents toward COVID-19 vaccines for children aged 0–18 years in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Out of a total of 1463 parents, 30.6% assumed that COVID-19 vaccination may be more dangerous for children than adults. Nearly 36.5% parents don’t have any concern about children’s vaccination. About 12.8% of children have not received the vaccination, 55% of parents have some sort of hesitation and 32.2% of parents did not hesitate before vaccinating their children against COVID-19. Only 15.4% of parents expect that the COVID-19 vaccine affects their child’s genes. About 23.4% parents strongly agreed and 35.1% agreed about the importance of getting their children vaccinated. About 22.1% of parents strongly agreed and 33.3% agreed regarding their willingness to get their children vaccinated to prevent Coronavirus disease. More than 80% of parents recommended rushing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Health professionals and policymakers should implement and support strategies to ensure children are vaccinated for COVID-19. They also need to educate parents and families regarding childhood vaccination.

To investigate the presence of toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes (TORCH) infections in women attending at the antenatal care clinic in Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Methods: A total of 190 blood samples were collected from Abha maternity hospital in Aseer region, KSA, from February 2018 to May 2019 and screened with the TORCH panel (toxoplasmagondii [IgG/IgM], cytomegalovirus [CMV] [IgG/IgM], rubella [IgG/IgM], and herpes simplex type 1 and 2 [IgG/IgM]). The mean age was 31.42±6.514 years and gestational age was 32.48±6.168 weeks. Serum IgG was positive for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) (27.4%), herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) (94.7%), herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) (0.5%), CMV (100%), and rubella (88.9%). Serum IgM was positive only for CMV (9.5%). Though, there was an association between abortions from previous pregnancies (26.5%), intrauterine death (5.8%), premature labor (3.2%), microcephaly (1.6%), other congenital diseases (1.6%) and low birth weight (0.5%) with current IgG positivity for TORCH infections, the results were not statistically significant. Seropositivity for IgG antibodies correlate with TORCH-associated pregnancy complications in Abha, KSA; however, IgM positive CMV pregnant cases warrant further systematic investigation to understand the implications of CMV on outcomes during pregnancy.

Introduction• Issue :Lack of awareness for the significance and management of hyperglycaemia in the short and long term for cardiology patients.Data collected from 21 inpatients in Cardiology ward and CCU between May 8th and 24th 2018, and 2nd cycle bet ween 10thJuly till 30th July 2018.ResultsHb A1C check ( 1st cycle showed on 33% which rose to 90% in 2nd cycle)Reason for admission 1st and 2nd cycle:The most common reason for admission within the cohort was myocardial infarction.Frequency of blood glucose checked: 1st cycle 67% patients checked 4 times a day. 2nd cycle this rose to 85%.Referral to Diabetic specialist team: 38% were referred to the Diabetic inpatient team in first cycle which changed to 75% in the 2nd one.Information given to the patients: 100% patients were given the information leaflet in the second cycle as compared to 42% verbal info in 1st cycle.• Leadership and innovation: This QIP led to improvement in the understanding of healthcare professionals, about the significance of glycaemic control, patient information and appropriate follow up for it via following:Catchy ‘Think sugar’ posters created and put up in cardiology ward and CCU, with literature references as part of evidence based medicine.First initial CBG check documentation was made part of nursing CBG check sheets.Patient information leaflet was created and feedback taken6) Impact:Patient care and hence further admissions improved in terms of both cardiology care and glycaemic control and helped anticipating in reducing the health care burden as well.The innovative way of disseminating the knowledge and improving patient care helped health care professionals understand better the significance of good quality control as an integral part of cardiology related medical issues and overall health of the patients.

In this paper, an investigation has been made to validate the variational approach to obtain soliton solutions of the Klein-Gordon-Zakharov (KGZ) equations. It is evident that to resolve the non-linear partial differential equations are quite complex and difficult. The presented approach is capable of achieving the condition for continuation of the solitary solution of KGZ equation as well as the initial solutions selected in soliton form including various unknown parameters can be resolute in the solution course of action. The procedure of attaining the solution reveals that the scheme is simple and straightforward.

We applied an approach to obtain the natural frequency of the generalized Duffing oscillator u ¨ + u + α 3 u 3 + α 5 u 5 + α 7 u 7 + ⋯ + α n u n = 0 and a nonlinear oscillator with a restoring force which is the function of a noninteger power exponent of deflection u ¨ + α u | u | n − 1 = 0 . This approach is based on involved parameters, initial conditions, and collocation points. For any arbitrary power of n , the approximate frequency analysis is carried out between the natural frequency and amplitude. The solution procedure is simple, and the results obtained are valid for the whole solution domain.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) presently affects 537 million adults globally. It has a high prevalence in the Saudi population (31.6%), ranking 2nd highest in the Middle East and 7th worldwide. T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, causing the glycation of hemoglobin, plasma proteins, tissue proteins, and their receptors. The high insulinemic state leads to dyslipidemia. These biochemical alterations can cause complications like atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, angina, myocardial infarctions, and hypertension. Considering the high prevalence of diabetes in the Saudi population and the lack of studies conducted at primary health care (PHC) centers in Saudi Arabia, this study was done to investigate the status of diabetes control in T2DM patients and propose appropriate measures to prevent the development of future complications. Method: This cross-sectional study recruited 191 known T2DM patients presenting at the PHC center in the Al Qabil locality of Aseer province of Saudi Arabia. The patient's demographic and glycemic and lipid profile data were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: T2DM was more prevalent in males. T2DM patients were found to be obese, and 52% had coexisting hypertension. Patients had deranged glycemic profiles and dyslipidemia despite taking hypoglycemic agents. Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia were significantly higher in people with diabetes having HbA1c > 7. HbA1c is correlated with dyslipidemia, and dyslipidemia is linked considerably with obesity. Conclusion: T2DM patients must be regularly followed up to ensure drug compliance, explained about foreseen medical complications, and motivated to adopt lifestyle modification measures to control their weight, BP, and blood glucose.