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Despite considerable advances in knowledge of the anatomy, ecology and evolution of early mammals, far less is known about their physiology. Evidence is contradictory concerning the timing and fossil groups in which mammalian endothermy arose. To determine the state of metabolic evolution in two of the earliest stem-mammals, the Early Jurassic Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium , we use separate proxies for basal and maximum metabolic rate. Here we report, using synchrotron X-ray tomographic imaging of incremental tooth cementum, that they had maximum lifespans considerably longer than comparably sized living mammals, but similar to those of reptiles, and so they likely had reptilian-level basal metabolic rates. Measurements of femoral nutrient foramina show Morganucodon had blood flow rates intermediate between living mammals and reptiles, suggesting maximum metabolic rates increased evolutionarily before basal metabolic rates. Stem mammals lacked the elevated endothermic metabolism of living mammals, highlighting the mosaic nature of mammalian physiological evolution. Modern mammals are endothermic, but it has not been clear when this type of metabolism evolved. Here, Newham et al. analyse tooth and bone structure in Early Jurassic stem-mammal fossils to estimate lifespan and blood flow rates, which inform about basal and maximum metabolic rates, respectively, and show these stem-mammals had metabolic rates closer to modern ectothermic reptiles than to endothermic mammals.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to conduct New Zealand-specific research to inform the design of a pulse oximetry screening strategy that ensures equity of access for the New Zealand maternity population. Equity is an important consideration as the test has the potential to benefit some populations and socioeconomic groups more than others.SettingNew Zealand has an ethnically diverse population and a midwifery-led maternity service. One quaternary hospital and urban primary birthing unit (Region A), two regional hospitals (Region B) and three regional primary birthing units (Region C) from three Health Boards in New Zealand’s North Island participated in a feasibility study of pulse oximetry screening. Home births in these regions were also included.ParticipantsThere were 27 172 infants that satisfied the inclusion criteria; 16 644 (61%) were screened. The following data were collected for all well newborn infants with a gestation age ≥35 weeks: date of birth, ethnicity, type of maternity care provider, deprivation index and screening status (yes/no). The study was conducted over a 2-year period from May 2016 to April 2018.ResultsScreening rates improved over time. Infants born in Region B (adjusted OR=0.75; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.83) and C (adjusted OR=0.29; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.32) were less likely to receive screening compared with those born in Region A. There were significant associations between screening rates and deprivation, ethnicity and maternity care provider. Lack of human and material resources prohibited universal access to screening.ConclusionA pulse oximetry screening programme that is sector-led is likely to perpetuate inequity. Screening programmes need to be designed so that resources are distributed in the way most likely to optimise health outcomes for infants born with cardiac anomalies.Ethics approvalThis study was approved by the Health and Disability Ethics Committees of New Zealand (15/NTA/168).

Abstract Romance fraud affects thousands of victims globally, yet few scholars have studied it. The dynamics of relationships between victims and offenders are not well understood, and the effects are rarely discussed. This article adapts the concept of psychological abuse from studies of domestic violence to better understand romance fraud. Using interviews with 21 Australian romance fraud victims, we show how offenders use non-violent tactics to ensure compliance with ongoing demands for money. This article identifies similarities and differences between domestic violence and romance fraud. We argue that thinking through domestic violence and romance fraud together offers potential benefits to both bodies of research.

Biological, psychological and social factors that differentiate juvenile offenders from adult offenders – need for a different response to juvenile crime – factors contributing to a higher risk of juvenile offending – strategies for responding to juvenile crime.

Purpose Victims of online fraud face a high level of blame from their families, friends, professionals, the broader community and often from themselves. Victims are commonly perceived as stupid, gullible and undeserving of justice. The reasons for this are under-researched, and there are currently no satisfactory explanations of why victim-blaming occurs so frequently in cases of online fraud. This paper aims to propose a potential theoretical explanation for the high level of blame experienced by online fraud victims. Design/methodology/approach Lerner’s Belief in a Just World (BJW) theory is posited as a helpful theoretical explanation for the high level of blame directed towards victims of online fraud. Findings This paper argues that Lerner’s BJW theory is a helpful framework for understanding the blame faced by victims of online fraud because it posits that behavioural responsibility (a trait commonly ascribed to online fraud victims) is central to perceived blameworthiness; and that compensation for a crime determines the level of blame directed towards victims. As victims of online fraud are exceptionally unlikely to receive any type of compensation (whether monetary or otherwise), BJW may help explain the blame directed towards victims. Originality/value Prior scholarship predominantly understands the blame faced by online fraud victims through the lens of Nils Christie’s (1986) “ideal victim” thesis. This paper presents an advance over this existing understanding by illustrating how BJW provides a more detailed explanation for victim blame in online fraud.

National Assessment of Australia's Children's Courts (the national study) - Indigenous young people - New South Wales Children's Court jurisdiction - children's rights - Court's capacity to address Indigenous over-representation - Aboriginal Legal Service funding - services for rural and regional young indigenous offenders - indigenous sentencing courts - Aboriginal Justice Agreements - Youth Koori Court.

Threats to financial wellbeing posed by online fraud – use of data obtained through interviews with persons lodging complaints of online fraud – emotional, psychological, interpersonal and physical impacts of victimisation – barriers to reporting crime – support needs of victims.

This paper presents results from a study that investigated the perspectives of victim-survivors about post-custodial measures for people with convictions for sexual offending (PCSOs). It addressed the question: what are victim-survivors' reasons for supporting or opposing a wide range of PCSO post-custodial measures? The study involved qualitative interviews with 26 victim-survivors of sexual violence. It found that victim-survivors were supportive of PCSOs being subject to a range of measures, including electronic monitoring, (non-public) sex offender registers, psychological interventions, parole supervision and Circles of Support and Accountability. In contrast, victim-survivors had very mixed views about public sex offender registers. The study emphasises the importance of considering victim-survivor perspectives in shaping post-custodial interventions for PCSOs.

Extent of children’s exposure to domestic violence in Australia – psychological, behavioural, health and socioeconomic impacts – relationship to intergenerational transmission of violence victimisation – current legislative and policy responses – need for focus on early intervention and holistic approaches to the development of strategies.