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علم النفس الاجتماعي
يعد هذا الكتاب الدليل الشامل للتعرف على موضوع علم النفس الاجتماعي أو لتحقيق النجاح في العمل بهذا المجال، سواء أكنت ترغب في التعرف على موضوع علم النفس الاجتماعي أو النجاح في العمل بهذا المجال، فأنت بحاجة إلى اقتناء هذا الكتاب الذي يعد موردا للمعلومات بهذا الموضوع ثم ستتعمق في التفاصيل والأدوات والأساليب ذات الصلة به، بالإضافة إلى العلاقة الرابطة بين الاتجاهات النفسية وسلوكيات البشر وكذا \"نظرية التنافر المعرفي\" والعديد من الموضوعات الأخرى.
Book
Joint action aesthetics
Synchronized movement is a ubiquitous feature of dance and music performance. Much research into the evolutionary origins of these cultural practices has focused on why humans perform rather than watch or listen to dance and music. In this study, we show that movement synchrony among a group of performers predicts the aesthetic appreciation of live dance performances. We developed a choreography that continuously manipulated group synchronization using a defined movement vocabulary based on arm swinging, walking and running. The choreography was performed live to four audiences, as we continuously tracked the performers' movements, and the spectators' affective responses. We computed dynamic synchrony among performers using cross recurrence analysis of data from wrist accelerometers, and implicit measures of arousal from spectators' heart rates. Additionally, a subset of spectators provided continuous ratings of enjoyment and perceived synchrony using tablet computers. Granger causality analyses demonstrate predictive relationships between synchrony, enjoyment ratings and spectator arousal, if audiences form a collectively consistent positive or negative aesthetic evaluation. Controlling for the influence of overall movement acceleration and visual change, we show that dance communicates group coordination via coupled movement dynamics among a group of performers. Our findings are in line with an evolutionary function of dance-and perhaps all performing arts-in transmitting social signals between groups of people. Human movement is the common denominator of dance, music and theatre. Acknowledging the time-sensitive and immediate nature of the performer-spectator relationship, our study makes a significant step towards an aesthetics of joint actions in the performing arts.
Journal Article
BTEC National information technology
This is a complete teaching and learning package for the 2011 specifications helping both students and tutors to get the best results.
Breaking the Fourth Wall of Cognitive Science: Real-World Social Attention and the Dual Function of Gaze
Research in cognitive science typically places a boundary between participants and the stimuli they are asked to process. While this separation affords experimental control, it can also severely limit the generalizability of the conclusions that are drawn. Here, we review new evidence that some conclusions that have been drawn about social attention do not extend beyond the laboratory. They fundamentally misrepresent how social attention operates in natural social contexts. Critically, these difficulties have led to renewed interest in the dual function of gaze—when in authentic social situations, the eyes both collect information from the environment (an encoding function) and communicate one's mental states to others (a signaling function)—which traditional social-attention paradigms arguably have failed to capture. We review this recent work and discuss the utility of adopting more naturalistic methods in cognitive science.
Journal Article
Biasing moral decisions by exploiting the dynamics of eye gaze
Eye gaze is a window onto cognitive processing in tasks such as spatial memory, linguistic processing, and decision making. We present evidence that information derived from eye gaze can be used to change the course of individuals’ decisions, even when they are reasoning about high-level, moral issues. Previous studies have shown that when an experimenter actively controls what an individual sees the experimenter can affect simple decisions with alternatives of almost equal valence. Here we show that if an experimenter passively knows when individuals move their eyes the experimenter can change complex moral decisions. This causal effect is achieved by simply adjusting the timing of the decisions. We monitored participants’ eye movements during a two-alternative forced-choice task with moral questions. One option was randomly predetermined as a target. At the moment participants had fixated the target option for a set amount of time we terminated their deliberation and prompted them to choose between the two alternatives. Although participants were unaware of this gaze-contingent manipulation, their choices were systematically biased toward the target option. We conclude that even abstract moral cognition is partly constituted by interactions with the immediate environment and is likely supported by gaze-dependent decision processes. By tracking the interplay between individuals, their sensorimotor systems, and the environment, we can influence the outcome of a decision without directly manipulating the content of the information available to them.
Significance Where people look generally reflects and reveals their moment-by-moment thought processes. This study introduces an experimental method whereby participants’ eye gaze is monitored and information about their gaze is used to change the timing of their decisions. Answers to difficult moral questions such as “Is murder justifiable?” can be influenced toward random alternatives based on looking patterns alone. We do this without presenting different arguments or response frames, as in other techniques of persuasion. Thus, the process of arriving at a moral decision is not only reflected in a participant’s eye gaze but can also be determined by it.
Journal Article
CONGRESSIONAL CONTROL OF AGENCY EXPERTISE
Congress relies on executive branch information to carry out its functions. When it creates a budget, the President's budget request and individual agency testimony are critical to understanding the effect of proposed changes. When it considers new legislation, government officials are asked to testify and share their views. When Congress is seeking information on emerging issues, agency reports are often the first—and most trusted—source of information. When the executive branch provides this information, it often does so through a coordinated process, managed by the Office of Management and Budget within the Executive Office of the President. As a result, the President has a say in what Congress hears regarding agency expertise. This Note explores the instances where Congress has explicitly shut the President out of this process, and the consequences of that decision. The provisions of federal law that limit presidential control of information, referred to as \"independent-reporting requirements,\" are one of the many ways that Congress can ensure agency independence. This Note collects and describes these provisions, exploring both their policy implications and their constitutionality. In addition, this Note argues that a more widespread use of these statutory tools would solve a significant problem currently facing Congress, namely the information imbalance between the elected branches.
Journal Article
The Role of Alexithymia in Reduced Eye-Fixation in Autism Spectrum Conditions
Eye-tracking studies have demonstrated mixed support for reduced eye fixation when looking at social scenes in individuals with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC). We present evidence that these mixed findings are due to a separate condition—alexithymia—that is frequently comorbid with ASC. We find that in adults with ASC, autism symptom severity correlated negatively with attention to faces when watching video clips. However, only the degree of alexithymia, and not autism symptom severity, predicted eye fixation. As well as potentially resolving the contradictory evidence in this area, these findings suggest that individuals with ASC and alexithymia may form a sub-group of individuals with ASC, with emotional impairments in addition to the social impairments characteristic of ASC.
Journal Article
Engagement in video and audio narratives: contrasting self-report and physiological measures
Stories play a fundamental role in human culture. They provide a mechanism for sharing cultural identity, imparting knowledge, revealing beliefs, reinforcing social bonds and providing entertainment that is central to all human societies. Here we investigated the extent to which the delivery medium of a story (audio or visual) affected self-reported and physiologically measured engagement with the narrative. Although participants self-reported greater involvement for watching video relative to listening to auditory scenes, stronger physiological responses were recorded for auditory stories. Sensors placed at their wrists showed higher and more variable heart rates, greater electrodermal activity, and even higher body temperatures. We interpret these findings as evidence that the stories were more cognitively and emotionally engaging at a physiological level when presented in an auditory format. This may be because listening to a story, rather than watching a video, is a more active process of co-creation, and that this imaginative process in the listener’s mind is detectable on the skin at their wrist.
Journal Article
Video meeting signals: Experimental evidence for a technique to improve the experience of video conferencing
We found evidence from two experiments that a simple set of gestural techniques can improve the experience of online meetings. Video conferencing technology has practical benefits, but psychological costs. It has allowed industry, education and social interactions to continue in some form during the covid-19 lockdowns. But it has left many users feeling fatigued and socially isolated, perhaps because the limitations of video conferencing disrupt users’ ability to coordinate interactions and foster social affiliation. Video Meeting Signals (VMS™) is a simple technique that uses gestures to overcome some of these limitations. First, we carried out a randomised controlled trial with over 100 students, in which half underwent a short training session in VMS. All participants rated their subjective experience of two weekly seminars, and transcripts were objectively coded for the valence of language used. Compared to controls, students with VMS training rated their personal experience, their feelings toward their seminar group, and their perceived learning outcomes as significantly higher. Also, they were more likely to use positive language and less likely to use negative language. A second, larger experiment replicated the first, and added a condition where groups were given a version of the VMS training but taught to use emoji response buttons rather than gestures to signal the same information. The emoji-trained groups did not experience the same improvement as the VMS groups. By exploiting the specific benefits of gestural communication, VMS has great potential to overcome the psychological problems of group video meetings.
Journal Article
Movement synchrony among dance performers predicts brain synchrony among dance spectators
Performing dance is an intrinsically social art form where at least one person moves while another person watches. Dancing in groups promotes social bonding, but how does group dance affect the people watching? A group of dancers and dance novices watched a 30 min dance video individually in an fMRI scanner. In a follow-up behavioural study, the same people watched the video again and provided continuous enjoyment ratings. Firstly, we computed cross-recurrence of continuous enjoyment ratings and inter-subject correlations (ISCs) in fMRI separately for both groups, and with the choreographer of the dance work. At both behavioural and neural levels, dancers responded more similarly to each other than novices. ISCs among dancers extended beyond brain areas involved in audio-visual integration and sensory areas of human movement perception into motor areas, suggesting greater sensorimotor familiarity with the observed dance movements in the expert group. Secondly, we show that dancers’ brain activations and continuous ratings are more similar to the choreographer’s ratings in keeping with sharing an aesthetic and artistic perspective when viewing the dance. Thirdly, we show that movement synchrony among performers is the best predictor of brain synchrony among both expert and novice spectators. This is consistent with the idea that changes in emergent movement synchrony are a key aesthetic feature of performing dance. Finally, ISCs across perceptual and motor brain areas were primarily driven by movement acceleration and synchrony, whereas ISCs in orbital and pre-frontal brain areas were overall weaker and better explained by the continuous enjoyment ratings of each group. Our findings provide strong evidence that the aesthetic appreciation of dance involves a common experience between dance spectators and the choreographer. Moreover, the similarity of brain activations and of enjoyment increases with shared knowledge of - and practice in - the artform that is being experienced, in this case contemporary performing dance.
Journal Article