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The reaction of diallyl ether with nitrogen dioxide in organic solvents yields a mixture of cis and trans 2,3-bis(nitromethyl)-tetrahydrofurans cis and trans 2-nitratomethyl-3-nitromethyl-tetrahydrofurans and a number of straight-chain compounds with one to four nitro groups.

The reaction of diallyl ether with nitrogen dioxide in organic solvents yields a mixture of cis and trans 2,3-bis(nitromethyl)tetrahydrofurans, cis and trans 2-nitratomethyl-3-nitromethyltetrahydrofurans and a number of straight-chain compounds with one to four nitro groups. Under the conditions used, the cyclic compounds form the main products when the solution of nitrogen dioxide is slowly added to the solution of diallyl ether but not when the reverse mode of addition is used. When 15 N-nitrogen dioxide is used, the products show strong 15 N nuclear polarization: the 2,3-di(nitromethyl)tetrahydrofurans give an emission signal, and one straight-chain product with two nonequivalent nitro groups shows both an emission signal and an enhanced absorption signal. For both the cyclic and straight-chain products, the nuclear polarization is consistent with the successive reactions of diallyl ether with two nitrogen dioxide radicals with uncorrelated spins.Key words: diallyl ether, nitrogen dioxide, 15 N nuclear polarization, CIDNP.

The reaction of diallyl ether with nitrogen dioxide in organic solvents yields a mixture of cis and trans 2,3-bis(nitromethyl)tetrahydrofurans, cis and trans 2-nitratomethyl-3-nitromethyltetrahydrofurans and a number of straight-chain compounds with one to four nitro groups. Under the conditions used, the cyclic compounds form the main products when the solution of nitrogen dioxide is slowly added to the solution of diallyl ether but not when the reverse mode of addition is used. When 15 N-nitrogen dioxide is used, the products show strong 15 N nuclear polarization: the 2,3-di(nitromethyl)tetrahydrofurans give an emission signal, and one straight-chain product with two nonequivalent nitro groups shows both an emission signal and an enhanced absorption signal. For both the cyclic and straight-chain products, the nuclear polarization is consistent with the successive reactions of diallyl ether with two nitrogen dioxide radicals with uncorrelated spins.Key words: diallyl ether, nitrogen dioxide, 15 N nuclear polarization, CIDNP.

Objectives The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) Science and Research Department was commissioned by the Department of Health to develop national care pathways for children with allergies. The eczema pathway focuses on defining the competences to improve the equity of care received by children with eczema. Method The eczema pathway was developed by a multidisciplinary working group and was based on a comprehensive review of evidence. The pathway was reviewed by a broad group of stakeholders including paediatricians, allergists, dermatologists, specialist nurses, dietician, patients' representatives and approved by the Allergy Care Pathways Project Board and the RCPCH Clinical Standards Committee. It was also reviewed by a wide range of stakeholders. Results The results are presented in three sections: the evidence review, mapping and the core knowledge document. The various entry points to the ideal pathway of care are defined from self-care through to follow-up. There is considerable emphasis on good skin care and when allergy problems should be dealt with. The pathway algorithm and associated competences can be downloaded from http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/allergy/eczema. Conclusions Effective eczema management is holistic and encompasses an assessment of severity and impact on quality of life, treatment of the inflamed epidermal skin barrier, recognition and treatment of infection and assessment and management of environmental and allergy triggers. Patient and family education which seeks to maximise understanding and concordance with treatment is also important in all children with eczema.

In February 2004 a highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak erupted in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada. The index farm was a chicken broiler breeder operation comprising two flocks, 24 and 52 wk of age. Birds in the older flock presented with a mild drop in egg production and a small increase in mortality. Pathological specimens taken from the older flock were submitted to the provincial veterinary diagnostic laboratory from which an influenza A virus was isolated. While still under investigation by the provincial veterinary authorities, a spike in mortality was observed in birds belonging to the younger flock. Diagnostic material from both flocks was forwarded to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease. A low-pathogenicity H7N3 virus was detected in the older flock and a novel highly pathogenic H7N3 virus was found in specimens collected from the younger flock. Despite destruction and disposal of birds on the index farm, the virus spread to adjacent farms. Given the high density of poultry operations in the Fraser Valley and the high level of integration amongst industry support services, a total of approximately 17 million chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, and speciality birds were put at immediate risk. Despite movement controls the virus spread and established itself in three distinct clusters. To prevent further spread, healthy, marketable birds outside of the surveillance areas were pre-emptively slaughtered. Although highly pathogenic avian influenza is a federal responsibility, the successful control and eradication of this outbreak would not have been possible without the cooperative involvement of federal and provincial diagnostic laboratories. The success of this collaboration was partly responsible for the formation of a national avian influenza laboratory network.

In the summer of 2005 a Canadian national surveillance program for influenza A viruses in wild aquatic birds was initiated. The program involved collaboration between federal and provincial levels of government and was coordinated by the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre. The surveillance plan targeted young-of-the-year Mallards along with other duck species at six sampling locations along the major migratory flyways across Canada. Beginning in early August, cloacal swabs were taken from 704 ducks on two lakes adjacent to one another near Kamloops, British Columbia. The swabs were screened for the presence of influenza A RNA using a real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) assay that targets the M1 gene. Swab samples that gave positive results underwent further testing using H5- and H7-specific RRT-PCR assays. One hundred and seventy-four cloacal swab specimens gave positive or suspicious results for the presence of an H5 virus. A portion of these (28/35) were confirmed using an H5-specific conventional reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assay and an H5 virus was eventually isolated from 24/127 swab specimens. Neuraminidase typing revealed the presence of H5N2 and H5N9 viruses. In mid-November of 2005 an H5N2 virus was detected in a commercial duck operation in the lower mainland of British Columbia, approximately 120 km from where the H5N2-positive wild ducks were sampled. Molecular genetic analysis of the H5N2 viruses isolated from wild and domestic ducks was carried out to determine their kinship.

The timing and geometry of late Palaeozoic inhomogenous deformation in the southern U.S. continental interior from the Appalachian foreland of Kentucky-Tennessee through Oklahoma and Texas to the Ancestral Rockies of Colorado-Wyoming-Utah can be definitively linked with a discrete sequence of collisional events in the Appalachian-Ouachita-Marathon orogenic belt to the south (Permian coordinates). A progressive staged collisional sequence beginning in late Mississippian times in the southern Appalachians and culminating in early Permian times in the Marathons led to a progressive deformation of the adjacent craton in a wide swath dominated by right-lateral shear (e.g. Rough Creek Fault zone) by which a Mexican promontory of North America was displaced towards a Pacific ‘free face’. While the deformation in the Appalachian-Marathon belt was dominated by vertical plane strain leading to crustal thickening, the associated continental interior deformation can be averaged as a horizontal plane strain at or near sea level with localized deep extensions (Delaware) and flexural (Arkoma) basins and compressions uplifts (Amarillo-Wichita) giving local source areas.