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Approximately 50 mL air can be tolerated in the right side of the heart, whereas 0.5 mL of air on the left can pass directly into the systemic circulation and cause potentially fatal embolism. 2 3 In our practise we have noted that it is difficult to completely exclude minute air bubbles from the peripherally delivered intravenous medications. [...]it was decided to remove the misplaced PICC-line and a tunnelled catheter was inserted on the right side.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyse the banking systems in Western, and Central and Southeastern Europe, focusing on the interactive factors of anti-money laundering, transitional economies and the underground illicit economy.Design methodology approach - Provides a comparative analysis of the banking systems in Western, and Central and Southeastern Europe.Findings - The transition economies of central and Southeastern Europe face, and have been confronted for over a generation by, the interlinked problems of the transition stage post-1989, the alternative or illegal economy, and the vulnerability of banking systems to money laundering. In contrast, by the 1990s, Western European central banks have become established as an essential government organ in macro-economic policies.Originality value - Suggests an interesting lesson that might be gained from the experiences of central and Southeastern Europe and anti-money laundering since the late-1990s, where a national bank or central bank has not been essential, indeed has been comparatively unimportant, compared to the developed banking system led by the individual banks.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyse the banking systems in Western, and Central and Southeastern Europe, focusing on the interactive factors of anti-money laundering, transitional economies and the underground illicit economy. Design/methodology/approach - Provides a comparative analysis of the banking systems in Western, and Central and Southeastern Europe. Findings - The transition economies of central and Southeastern Europe face, and have been confronted for over a generation by, the interlinked problems of the transition stage post-1989, the alternative or illegal economy, and the vulnerability of banking systems to money laundering. In contrast, by the 1990s, Western European central banks have become established as an essential government organ in macro-economic policies. Originality/value - Suggests an interesting lesson that might be gained from the experiences of central and Southeastern Europe and anti-money laundering since the late-1990s, where a national bank or central bank has not been essential, indeed has been comparatively unimportant, compared to the developed banking system led by the individual banks.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the strategic intelligence oversights with regards to the funding of terrorism.Design methodology approach - The paper considers the modus operandi of terrorist financing, and how and how speedily or otherwise they were identified, and the international and national anti-terrorist financing measure implemented post 9 11.Findings - The paper concludes that there were (and still are) strategic oversights, delays and distractions by government law enforcement and financial regulatory agencies in combating terrorist financing.Practical implications - The paper suggests there should be more proactive exchange of intelligence by law enforcement and financial regulatory agencies in combating financing of terrorism.Originality value - The added value is lessons learned in international efforts against financing of terrorism.

The Commission Has a History of Adopting New Exemptive Rules Under Section 3 of the 1940 Act Due to the nature of their operations and ownership, operating companies usually are unable to rely on the statutory exemptions from the definition of investment company contained in Section 3(c), such as the private fund exemptions in Sections 3(c)(1) and 3(c)(7).[...]for an operating company that does not hold itself out to be engaged primarily in the business of investing or trading in securities, the question of whether it meets the definition of an \"investment company\" in Section 3 is relatively formulaic-if more than 40 percent of the value of its total assets (excluding Government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis are \"investment securities\" (that is, bad assets) then the operating company is a prima facie investment company (the 40 percent test).[...]of the 1940 Act concerns involved in making strategic investments, many operating companies are concerned about their status because they may have to carefully monitor their balance sheets to avoid becoming an inadvertent investment company (or find that they already have that issue).Board Responsibilities Serve as a Check on Abuse of the Proposed Rule (b) The issuer is primarily engaged, directly, through majority-owned subsidiaries, or through companies which it controls primarily, in a business or businesses other than that of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, as evidenced by: (i) The activities of its officers, directors and employees; (ii) Its public representations of policies; (iii) Its historical development; and (iv) An appropriate resolution of its board of directors, which resolution or action has been recorded contemporaneously in its minute books or comparable documents. (c) The issuer's board of directors adopt and record a resolution or written investment policy based on its findings that such issuer intends to make strategic investments: (i) which will be or are being carried on the issuer's balance sheet as long term assets, rather than for short-term or speculative purposes; (ii) which will be or are primarily being held as a means to enter into or solidify business relationships with companies that complement or expand its primary business or businesses; and (iii) which will involve the offer of significant managerial assistance to the target company. (d) The issuer's board of directors has adopted a written investment policy with respect to the issuer's capital preservation investments.Proposed Text of New Exemptive Rule under Section 3 of the 1940 Act Rule Notwithstanding section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Act (15 USC 80a-3(a)(1)(C)), an issuer will be deemed not to be an investment company under the Act; Provided, That: (a) No more than 45 percent of the value (as defined in section 2(a)(41) of the Act) of such issuer's total assets (exclusive of Government securities and cash management investments) consists of, and no more than 45 percent of such issuer's net income after taxes, or 10 percent of such issuer's revenue (for the last four fiscal quarters combined) is derived from, securities other than; (i) Government securities; (ii) Strategic investments; (iii) Capital preservation investments; (iv) Securities issued by employees' securities companies; (v) Securities issued by majority owned subsidiaries of the issuer which: (A) are not investment companies, and (B) are not relying on the exception from the defi nition of investment company in section (c)(1) or (c)(7) of the Act (15 USC 80a-3(c)(1) or 80a-3(c)(7)); and (vi) Securities issued by companies: (A) Which are controlled primarily by the issuer; (B) Through which such issuer engages in a business other than that of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding or trading in securities; and (C) Which are not investment companies; (b) The issuer is primarily engaged, directly, through majority-owned subsidiaries, or through companies which it controls primarily, in a business or businesses other than that of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, as evidenced by: (i) The activities of its officers, directors and employees; (ii) Its public representations of policies; (iii) Its historical development; and (iv) An appropriate resolution of its board of directors, which resolution or action has been recorded contemporaneously in its minute books or comparable documents; and (c) The issuer's board of directors adopt and record a resolution or written investment policy based on its findings that such issuer intends to make strategic investments: (i) which will be or are being carried on the issuer's balance sheet as long-term assets, rather than for short-term or speculative purposes; (ii) which will be or are primarily being held as a means to enter into or solidify business relationships with companies that complement or expand its primary business or businesses; and (iii) which will involve the offer of significant managerial assistance to the target company. (d) The issuer's board of directors has adopted a written investment policy with respect to the issuer's capital preservation investments. (e) For purposes of this section: (1) The percentages described in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section are determined on an unconsolidated basis, except that the issuer shall consolidate its financial statements with the financial statements of any wholly-owned subsidiaries; (2) Board of directors means the issuer's board of directors or an appropriate person or persons performing similar functions for any issuer not having a board of directors; (3) Cash Management Investments means investments that consist of only certain high-quality predominately short-term debt instruments (together with cash items and government securities); (4) Capital Preservation Investment means an investment that is made to conserve capital and liquidity until the funds are used in the issuer's primary business or businesses; (5) Strategic Investment means a noncontrolling investment in securities issued by an affiliated person (as such term is defi ned in Section 2(a)(3)(A)), to which the issuer makes available significant managerial assistance (as that term is defined in Section 2(a)(47)), through which the issuer complements or enhances its primary business or businesses, provided that such affiliated person is not an investment company; and (6) Controlled Primarily means controlled within the meaning of Section 2(a)(9) of the Act (15 U.S.C. 80a-2(a)(9)) with a degree of control that is greater than that of any other person.