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Currently, there are no approved options to prevent or treat chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT). We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on use of thrombopoietic agents for CIT. We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and health technology assessments from January 1995 to March 2021 for studies evaluating thrombopoietic agents for CIT, including recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO), megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), romiplostim, and eltrombopag. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted for efficacy and safety endpoints. We screened 1503 titles/abstracts, assessed 138 articles, and abstracted data from 39 publications (14 recombinant human thrombopoietin, 7 megakaryocyte growth and development factor, 9 romiplostim, 8 eltrombopag, and 1 romiplostim/eltrombopag). Random effects meta-analyses of data from multiple studies comparing thrombopoietic agents versus control (comparator, placebo, or no treatment) showed that thrombopoietic agents did not significantly improve chemotherapy dose delays and/or reductions (21.1% vs 40.4%, P = 0.364), grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia (39.3% vs 34.8%; P = 0.789), platelet transfusions (16.7% vs 31.7%, P = 0.111), grade ≥ 2 bleeding (6.7% vs 16.5%; P = 0.250), or thrombosis (7.6% vs 12.5%; P = 0.131). However, among individual studies comparing thrombopoietic agents with placebo or no treatment, thrombopoietic agents positively improved outcomes in some studies, including significantly increasing mean peak platelet counts (186 x 109/L with rhTPO vs 122 x 109/L with no treatment; P < 0.05) in one study and significantly increasing platelet count at nadir (56 x 109/L with rhTPO vs 28 x 109/L with not treatment; P < 0.05) in another study. Safety findings included thrombosis (n = 23 studies) and bleeding (n = 11), with no evidence of increased thrombosis risk with thrombopoietic agents. Our analyses generate the hypothesis that thrombopoietic agents may benefit patients with CIT. Further studies with well-characterized bleeding and platelet thresholds are warranted to explore the possible benefits of thrombopoietic agents for CIT.

The genus Oryza is a model system for the study of molecular evolution over time scales ranging from a few thousand to 15 million years. Using 13 reference genomes spanning the Oryza species tree, we show that despite few large-scale chromosomal rearrangements rapid species diversification is mirrored by lineage-specific emergence and turnover of many novel elements, including transposons, and potential new coding and noncoding genes. Our study resolves controversial areas of the Oryza phylogeny, showing a complex history of introgression among different chromosomes in the young ‘AA’ subclade containing the two domesticated species. This study highlights the prevalence of functionally coupled disease resistance genes and identifies many new haplotypes of potential use for future crop protection. Finally, this study marks a milestone in modern rice research with the release of a complete long-read assembly of IR 8 ‘Miracle Rice’, which relieved famine and drove the Green Revolution in Asia 50 years ago. Genome assemblies of 13 domesticated and wild rice relatives reveal salient features of genome evolution across the genus Oryza , especially rapid species diversification and turnover of transposons. This study also releases a complete long-read assembly of IR 8 ‘Miracle Rice’.

This article presents a unifying theory of soundscape ecology, which brings the idea of the soundscape—the collection of sounds that emanate from landscapes—into a research and application focus. Our conceptual framework of soundscape ecology is based on the causes and consequences of biological (biophony), geophysical (geophony), and human-produced (anthrophony) sounds. We argue that soundscape ecology shares many parallels with landscape ecology, and it should therefore be considered a branch of this maturing field. We propose a research agenda for soundscape ecology that includes six areas: (1) measurement and analytical challenges, (2) spatial-temporal dynamics, (3) soundscape linkage to environmental covariates, (4) human impacts on the soundscape, (5) soundscape impacts on humans, and (6) soundscape impacts on ecosystems. We present case studies that illustrate different approaches to understanding soundscape dynamics. Because soundscapes are our auditory link to nature, we also argue for their protection, using the knowledge of how sounds are produced by the environment and humans.

An unusual variant of prostate adenocarcinoma (PC) expressing nuclear p63 in secretory cells instead of the typical basal expression has been reported in men. Nevertheless, the biological behavior and clinical significance of this phenomenon is unknown. In dogs, this unusual PC subtype has not been described. In this study, p63 immunoexpression was investigated in 90 canine PCs and 20 normal prostate tissues (NT). The p63 expression pattern in luminal or basal cells was confirmed in a selected group of 26 PCs and 20 NT by immunohistochemistry and/or Western blotting assays. Eleven canine PC samples aberrantly expressing p63 (p63+) in secretory cells were compared with 15 p63 negative (p63-) cases in the context of several molecular markers (high molecular weight cytokeratin-HMWC, CK8/18, CK5, AR, PSA, chromogranin, NKX3.1, PTEN, AKT and C-MYC). P63+ samples were positive for CK5, HMWC and CK8/18 and negative for PSA, NKX3.1, PTEN and chromogranin. Five p63+ PCs were negative for AR, and the remaining six samples had low AR expression. In contrast, p63- PC showed AR and PSA positive expression in all 15 samples. Only five p63- PCs were positive for CK5. Both p63+ and p63- PC samples showed higher cytoplasmic AKT expression and nuclear C-MYC staining in comparison with normal tissues. Metastatic (N = 12) and non-metastatic (N = 14) PCs showed similar immunoexpression for all markers tested. In contrast to human PC, canine PC aberrantly expressing p63 showed higher expression levels of HMWC and CK5 and lower levels of NKX3.1. Canine p63+ PC is a very rare PC group showing a distinct phenotype compared to typical canine PC, including AR and PSA negative expression. Although in a limited number of cases, p63 expression was not associated with metastasis in canine PC, and cytoplasmic p63 expression was observed in animals with shorter survival time, similar to human PC cases.

Understanding and exploiting genetic diversity is a key factor for the productive and stable production of rice. Here, we utilize 73 high-quality genomes that encompass the subpopulation structure of Asian rice ( Oryza sativa ), plus the genomes of two wild relatives ( O. rufipogon and O. punctata ), to build a pan-genome inversion index of 1769 non-redundant inversions that span an average of ~29% of the O. sativa cv. Nipponbare reference genome sequence. Using this index, we estimate an inversion rate of ~700 inversions per million years in Asian rice, which is 16 to 50 times higher than previously estimated for plants. Detailed analyses of these inversions show evidence of their effects on gene expression, recombination rate, and linkage disequilibrium. Our study uncovers the prevalence and scale of large inversions (≥100 bp) across the pan-genome of Asian rice and hints at their largely unexplored role in functional biology and crop performance. Pan-genomes provide useful resources for evolutionary studies, functional genomics and breeding of cultivated plants. Here, the authors report a new rice pan-genome including 73 Asian rice and two wild relatives ( Oryza rufipogon and O. punctata ), and reveal the prevalence and scale of large inversions across the pan-genome.

Bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) is a globally dominant crop and major source of calories and proteins for the human diet. Compared with its wild ancestors, modern bread wheat shows lower genetic diversity, caused by polyploidisation, domestication and breeding bottlenecks 1 , 2 . Wild wheat relatives represent genetic reservoirs, and harbour diversity and beneficial alleles that have not been incorporated into bread wheat. Here we establish and analyse extensive genome resources for Tausch’s goatgrass ( Aegilops tauschii ), the donor of the bread wheat D genome. Our analysis of 46 Ae. tauschii genomes enabled us to clone a disease resistance gene and perform haplotype analysis across a complex disease resistance locus, allowing us to discern alleles from paralogous gene copies. We also reveal the complex genetic composition and history of the bread wheat D genome, which involves contributions from genetically and geographically discrete Ae. tauschii subpopulations. Together, our results reveal the complex history of the bread wheat D genome and demonstrate the potential of wild relatives in crop improvement. Analysis of 46 newly sequenced or re-sequenced Tausch’s goatgrass ( Aegilops tauschii ) accessions establishes the origin of the bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) D genome from genetically and geographically discrete Ae. tauschii subpopulations.

Two submarine earthquakes (Mw 5.8) occurred near volcanic islands, Curtis and Cheeseman, in the Kermadec Arc in 2009 and 2017. Following both earthquakes, similar tsunamis with wave heights of about a meter, larger than expected from their moderate seismic magnitudes, were observed by coastal tide gauges. We investigate the source mechanism for both earthquakes by analyzing tsunami and seismic data of the 2017 event. Tsunami waveform analysis indicates that the earthquake uplifted a submerged caldera around the islands. Combined analysis of tsunami and seismic data suggests that trapdoor faulting, or sudden intra‐caldera fault slip interacted with magma reservoir deformation, occurred due to magma overpressure, possibly in association with caldera resurgence. The earthquake scaling relationship for trapdoor faulting events at three calderas deviates from that for regular earthquakes, possibly due to the fault‐reservoir interaction in calderas. Plain Language Summary Most tsunamis are generated by large earthquakes with seismic magnitudes M > ∼7, but two moderate‐sized earthquakes with only M 5.8 near volcanic islands, north of New Zealand, caused unusual tsunamis with a maximum wave height of about a meter. In this study, we examine the unusual source mechanism of the volcanic earthquakes that excited unexpected tsunamis. By analyzing the records of tsunamis and seismic waves from the earthquakes, we suggest that the inside of a curved fault system beneath a submerged volcano with a caldera structure suddenly moved upward, together with a large intra‐caldera fault slip and a volume increase of a shallow magma reservoir. Overpressure created by magma accumulation beneath the submarine caldera recurrently induces meter‐scale tsunamis without significant ground motions, calling for attention to tsunami hazards from submarine calderas. Key Points Unusual tsunamis were caused by two Mw 5.8 volcanic earthquakes in 2009 and 2017 near Curtis and Cheeseman Islands in the Kermadec Arc By using tsunami and seismic data of the 2017 event, we suggest that a trapdoor faulting event occurred at a submerged resurgent caldera Trapdoor faulting events at calderas had abnormally large slips, possibly due to the fault‐reservoir interaction in calderas

This study investigates stress detection in dairy cattle by integrating circadian rhythm analysis and deep learning. Behavioral biomarkers, including feeding, resting, and rumination, were continuously monitored using Nedap CowControl sensors over a 12-month period to capture seasonal variability. Circadian features were extracted using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and deviations from expected 24 h patterns were quantified using Euclidean distance. These features were used to train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network to classify stress into three levels: normal, mild, and high. Expert veterinary observations of anomalous behaviors and environmental records were used to validate stress labeling. We continuously monitored 10 lactating Holstein cows for 365 days, yielding 87,600 raw hours and 3650 cow-days (one day per cow as the analytical unit). The Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT, 36 h window, 1 h step) was used solely to derive daily circadian characteristics (amplitude, phase, coherence); STFT windows are not statistical samples. A 60 min window prior to stress onset was incorporated to anticipate stress conditions triggered by management practices and environmental stressors, such as vaccination, animal handling, and cold stress. The proposed LSTM model achieved an accuracy of 82.3% and an AUC of 0.847, outperforming a benchmark logistic regression model (65% accuracy). This predictive capability, with a one-hour lead time, provides a critical window for preventive interventions and represents a practical tool for precision livestock farming and animal welfare monitoring.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a highly relevant tool in higher education. However, its acceptance by university students depends not only on technical or functional characteristics, but also on cognitive, contextual, and emotional factors. This study proposes and validates a model of acceptance of the use of AI devices (MIDA) in the university context. The model considers contextual variables such as anthropomorphism (AN), perceived value (PV) and perceived risk (PR). It also considers cognitive variables such as performance expectancy (PEX) and perceived effort expectancy (PEE). In addition, it considers emotional variables such as anxiety (ANX), stress (ST) and trust (TR). For its validation, data were collected from 517 university students and analysed using structural equations (CB-SEM). The results indicate that perceived value, anthropomorphism and perceived risk influence the willingness to accept the use of AI devices indirectly through performance expectancy and perceived effort. Likewise, performance expectancy significantly reduces anxiety and stress and increases trust, while effort expectancy increases both anxiety and stress. Trust is the main predictor of willingness to accept the use of AI devices, while stress has a significant negative effect on this willingness. These findings contribute to the literature on the acceptance of AI devices by highlighting the mediating role of emotions and offer practical implications for the design of AI devices aimed at improving their acceptance in educational contexts.

In this paper we present an introduction to the physical characteristics of sound, basic recording principles as well as several ways to analyze digital sound files using spectrogram analysis. This paper is designed to be a “primer” which we hope will encourage landscape ecologists to study soundscapes. This primer uses data from a long-term study that are analyzed using common software tools. The paper presents these analyses as exercises. Spectrogram analyses are presented here introducing indices familiar to ecologists (e.g., Shannon’s diversity, evenness, dominance) and GIS experts (patch analysis). A supplemental online tutorial provides detailed instructions with step by step directions for these exercises. We discuss specific terms when working with digital sound analysis, comment on the state of the art in acoustic analysis and present recommendations for future research.