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Morphological analysis of teeth found at Lida Ajer shows that these belong to Homo sapiens , indicating that modern humans were in Sumatra between 73,000 and 63,000 years ago. Early modern human presence in Sumatra Genetic evidence points to the presence of modern humans in southeast Asia before 60,000 years ago, but actual fossil evidence is scant and circumstantial. Kira Westaway et al . present evidence for a modern human presence in the region between 73,000 and 63,000 years based on three dating methods applied to consolidated breccia rocks in a cave in Sumatra, Indonesia, which had previously yielded human teeth. The findings establish that modern humans were present in the region at around the time of the catastrophic eruption of Toba that took place in Sumatra around 73,000 years ago. Genetic evidence for anatomically modern humans (AMH) out of Africa before 75 thousand years ago (ka) 1 and in island southeast Asia (ISEA) before 60 ka (93–61 ka) 2 predates accepted archaeological records of occupation in the region 3 . Claims that AMH arrived in ISEA before 60 ka (ref. 4 ) have been supported only by equivocal 5 or non-skeletal evidence 6 . AMH evidence from this period is rare and lacks robust chronologies owing to a lack of direct dating applications 7 , poor preservation and/or excavation strategies 8 and questionable taxonomic identifications 9 . Lida Ajer is a Sumatran Pleistocene cave with a rich rainforest fauna associated with fossil human teeth 7 , 10 . The importance of the site is unclear owing to unsupported taxonomic identification of these fossils and uncertainties regarding the age of the deposit, therefore it is rarely considered in models of human dispersal. Here we reinvestigate Lida Ajer to identify the teeth confidently and establish a robust chronology using an integrated dating approach. Using enamel–dentine junction morphology, enamel thickness and comparative morphology, we show that the teeth are unequivocally AMH. Luminescence and uranium-series techniques applied to bone-bearing sediments and speleothems, and coupled uranium-series and electron spin resonance dating of mammalian teeth, place modern humans in Sumatra between 73 and 63 ka. This age is consistent with biostratigraphic estimations 7 , palaeoclimate and sea-level reconstructions, and genetic evidence for a pre-60 ka arrival of AMH into ISEA 2 . Lida Ajer represents, to our knowledge, the earliest evidence of rainforest occupation by AMH, and underscores the importance of reassessing the timing and environmental context of the dispersal of modern humans out of Africa.

Padang City is a Capital City of West Sumatera Province bordering on the Indian Ocean and active collision zone of two plates namely Indo-Australian plate and the Eurasian plate. This causes Padang City is very vulnerable to earthquake and tsunami. Therefore, determination of a path of evacuation is very important to do. One of the methods is used Floyd-Warshall Algorithm. The Algorithm will determine the shortest path of tsunami evacuation to be searched for all pairs of vertices of the way. In this research, the problem is how to choose the shortest path of tsunami evacuation at Padang Utara Subdistrict. The results are some of the shortest paths of tsunami evacuation that could pass by people in the district of Padang Utara from the beach area to the nearest shelter.

This study aims to determine the level of administration of a mixture of cassava leaves and palm kernel meal fermented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in rations on egg index, shell thickness, shell strength and color index of duck egg yolk. This study used 160 laying ducks aged 14 months and weighing ± 1500g. This research method is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD), with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment is feed that uses a mixture of cassava leaves and fermented palm kernel cake (CLPKCF). The treatments were Ration A 0% CLPKCF, Ration B 6% CLPKCF, Ration C 12% CLPKCF and Ration D 18% CLPKCF, each experimental unit consisted of 10 laying kamang ducks. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the application of the CLPKCF mixture in the ration of laying ducks had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the egg index, shell thickness, shell strength and color index of duck egg yolk. The conclusion of this research is the use of CLPKCF ration up to 18% level in the ration can maintain the quality of duck eggs. In this condition, the egg index was 0.80, the shell thickness was 0.28, the shell strength was 4.73 kg / mm and the egg yolk color index was 14.83.

This preliminary studies aimed to examine potency the area to explore as ecotourism base tropical forest, coastal area, agrotourisme and cuotural tourism. Thestudy indicates that the concession has the potential to be an ecotourism area, which contributes to companies, governments and communities. Tourism objects include 1) tropical forest; Sumatran tiger conservation area, primate habitat area (gibbon, ungko, monkey), bird habitat (hornbill, punai, bayan, magpie, parrots), tropical forest biodiversity, tropical forest bee farming, tropical forest nursery area, traditional forest harvesting method etc. 2) coastal area; biodiversity of mangrove forest, biodiversity of coastal biota, wild crocodile viewing, tourism of fireflies, mangrove forest walk, planting mangrove activities, mangrove nursery, fishing etc. 3) The agroforestry and silvofishery programs of the company will contribute to the ecotourism program. Agroforestry objects include; viewing agrucutural area, planting, harvesting, cooking and eating some tropical fruit. Silvofishery objects are; viewing shrimp and fish pond area, harvesting, cooking and eating shrimp and some fishes. In addition, local culture can be part of the tourism object, among others; culinary tour, art and culture community presentation, and Malay kampong culture.

Fossil fishes were first collected from deposits of the Sangkarewang Formation of the Ombilin Basin in Sumatra, Indonesia, in the 1870s, but a comprehensive study of these fishes was not published until almost 50 years later. New material from these deposits was collected in 2009, which included a small anabantoid fish. This fish is not conspecific with any of the material described previously and is here named as a new genus and species. A phylogenetic analysis indicates that the new anabantoid is closely related to Osphronemus among the taxa studied, and we place it in the family Osphronemidae. However, the new fish does not appear to belong to any of the named modern subfamilies, so we leave it incertae sedis in the family. Additionally, the osphronemid subfamilies are not recovered as a monophyletic group. The anabantoid named here and another previously described from the same locality are the only fossil anabantoids known. However, the age of the Sangkarewang Formation is not confirmed and has been variously attributed to Cretaceous, Palaeocene, Eocene, and Miocene, with Eocene being the presently favored estimate. Based on the presence of an anabantoid in these deposits, an Eocene age is reasonable and is not contradicted by the known fish fauna. http://zoobank.org/lsid:urn.lsid.zoobank.org:pub:53281C25-8E47-4C67-9952-A994B47F6656

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is widely used to control systems on the manufacturing industry, automotive industry and etc. PLC is used to regulate the production process and machine systems to work simultaneously and continue. PLC has system to regulate the movement of machine components, displacement system of product, system settings motion or displacement of other components. PLC is a control system with some advantages such as simple in design, easy to use and circuit modification, low cost, easy maintenance, high reliability and safe. In this paper, we will focus on the PLC that used in the control of equipment movement on the rotary dryer system for waste liquid processing. PLC will be control the movement of the motor for drum of dryer, heating system, water circulation in the wet scrubber system, vacuum cleaner and smoke systems. All these systems are connected by PLC and working by arranged the setting time of system. The first process, PLC will activate the motion system of motor to drive the dryer drum rotating to left or right side. Then the burner is active for heating the drum of dryer. Effect in this process made smoke and dust happen in the rotary dryer system. The pump automatically will be activating to spray water on a wet scrubber system to catch the dust and smoke. Dust and smoke will be inhaled by the blower and flow back into the rotary dryer machine. Therefore there is no smoke and dust flowing into the environment. The results show that the PLC can be control the motion system and processes machine rotary dryer to drying the waste liquid in short time. Such as 20 minutes to 5 liters of liquid waste volume and 30 minutes to 15 liters and made the waste liquid be friendly environment.

Earthquake succession The common assumption that the longer the time since an earthquake, the larger the next earthquake slip, seemed not to apply to the giant magnitude 9.5 Chile earthquake of 1960. It had been 123 years since the last earthquake but the 1960 slip was equivalent to about 300 years' worth of plate motion. Based on historical writings, estuarine stratigraphy, diatom palaeoecology and tree ring data, Cisternas et al . have profiled the predecessors of the Chile earthquake in 1575, 1737 and 1837. This history shows that the giant earthquake of 1960 released strain that lesser events had left unspent. Stress build-up through multiple recurrence intervals may also have contributed to the extreme magnitude of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake. It is commonly thought that the longer the time since last earthquake, the larger the next earthquake's slip will be. But this logical predictor of earthquake size 1 , unsuccessful for large earthquakes on a strike-slip fault 2 , fails also with the giant 1960 Chile earthquake of magnitude 9.5 (ref. 3 ). Although the time since the preceding earthquake spanned 123 years (refs 4 , 5 ), the estimated slip in 1960, which occurred on a fault between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates, equalled 250–350 years' worth of the plate motion 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 . Thus the average interval between such giant earthquakes on this fault should span several centuries 3 , 9 , 10 . Here we present evidence that such long intervals were indeed typical of the last two millennia. We use buried soils and sand layers as records of tectonic subsidence and tsunami inundation at an estuary midway along the 1960 rupture. In these records, the 1960 earthquake ended a recurrence interval that had begun almost four centuries before, with an earthquake documented by Spanish conquistadors in 1575. Two later earthquakes, in 1737 and 1837, produced little if any subsidence or tsunami at the estuary and they therefore probably left the fault partly loaded with accumulated plate motion that the 1960 earthquake then expended.

Graphite doped with Na-Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (Na-LTO) for lithium-ion batteries with stable rateability were prepared in a short time by simple grounding which followed with the short calcination time. High crystalline Na-LTO improved the diffusivity of the Li-ion kinetics and stability. Therefore, Graphite/Na-LTO (G-NaLTO) was compared with the pure graphite to find out the differences in terms of XRD pattern and electrochemical performance. XRD analysis showed there was no significant differences pattern from G-NaLTO with commercial graphite. In terms of electrochemical performance, G-NaLTO which was doped by 1 wt% Na-LTO, presented a high initial charge capacity 356.69 mAh g −1 at 0.1C and stable discharge rate-capability at 0.2C and 1C were 264.64 mAh g −1 and 220.65 mAh g −1 , respectively, after 15 cycles. G-NaLTO with a composition of 3 wt% Na-LTO shows a decreasing electrochemical performance so it can be concluded that the addition of 1 wt% LTO by the doping method is the most optimal.