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"Roach, Mary"
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Gulp : adventures on the alimentary canal
Few of us realize what strange wet miracles of science operate inside us after every meal. In her trademark style, Mary Roach investigates the beginning, and end, of our food, addressing such questions as why crunchy food is so appealing, how much we can eat before our stomachs burst, and whether constipation killed Elvis.
Book
Profiles of Sexual Economic Exchanges among Women in Kisumu, Kenya: A Latent Class Analysis
Sexual economic exchanges, including sex work and transactional sex, have been consistently associated with HIV acquisition among young women in sub-Saharan Africa. Heterogeneity in HIV vulnerability across overlapping types of sexual economic exchange has not been sufficiently explored, limiting appropriate and effective linkage to prevention interventions. From January 2017 to May 2018, cross-sectional data were captured at screening for entry into an HIV incidence cohort in Kisumu, Kenya. Men and women aged 18–35 years completed a socio-behavioral questionnaire. Latent class analysis was used to classify sexually active women into discrete groups based on self-identification of occupational sex and other sexual exchanges, including exchange for money, gifts, food, school fees, substances, shelter/rent, and/or clothing. Profiles examined characteristics within and across typologies. Mixed logistic regression models assessed demographic and socio-behavioral characteristics associated with probabilistic class membership. A total of 1063 participants were screened, of whom 536 (50.4%) were sexually active women (median age: 27 years [interquartile range 23–30]). Sexual economic exchange was reported by 403 (77.2%) sexually active women, who most commonly reported recent exchange of sex for money (73.9%), gifts (19.6%), food (25.9%), and substances (17.7%); 44.6% reported selling sex as a primary or secondary occupation. Three profiles of sexual economic exchange were identified, each with distinct demographic, behavioral, and occupational characteristics: exchange for money and other necessities (23.3% prevalence), exchange for primarily money (38.2% prevalence), and sex comprising limited or no exchange (38.4% prevalence). In mixture modeling, as compared to limited or no exchange, exchange for money and other necessities, and exchange for primarily money were both associated with increased age, higher number of partners, and partners at least 10 years older. Heterogeneous patterns of sexual economic exchange were observed among women in Kenya reflect the different motivations and pathways by which women exchange sex. Female sex workers are often considered a homogeneous group, but these data highlight the need for differentiated services based on the diverse needs of women who engage in sexual economic exchange.
Journal Article
Taking Container-Based Sanitation to Scale: Opportunities and Challenges
Container-Based Sanitation (CBS) has rapidly progressed from its inception less than a decade ago to its recent classification as a type of improved sanitation facility by the Joint Monitoring Programme. CBS in many ways represents a sustainable service, as it addresses the entire sanitation service chain; offers a variety of service-based business models; and is affordable to people living in marginalized and informal urban settlements. At the same time, CBS services which have been operating for a number of years have grown relatively slowly. Taking CBS to scale will require solving several diverse challenges, particularly the need for government mandates; regulation; and innovative financing. This paper presents the collective views of some of the world’s leading CBS practitioners in an effort to summarize the potential, research gaps, and major challenges to scaling CBS.
Journal Article
Packing for Mars for kids
\"What is it like to float weightlessly in the air? What happens if you vomit in your helmet during a spacewalk? How do astronauts go to the bathroom? Is it true that they don't shower? Can farts really be deadly in space? Best-selling Mary Roach has the answers. In this whip-smart, funny, and informative young readers adaptation of her best-selling Packing for Mars, Roach guides us through the irresistibly strange, frequently gross, and awe-inspiring realm of space travel and life without gravity. From flying on NASA's Weightless Wonder to eating space food, Packing for Mars for Kids is chock-full of first-hand experiences and thorough research. Roach has crafted an authoritative and accessible book that is perfectly pitched to inquiring middle grade readers\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Community‐Based Pilot Study of a Wrist‐Worn Bioimpedance Hydration Sensor and Its Implications for Understanding the Relationship Between Hydration and Cognitive Function
Following the measurement, cognitive ability was measured using the Stroop exam, which assesses cognitive interference, known as the Stroop Effect, where the color of a word mismatches its meaning (e.g., “green” printed in blue ink) [6–8] Our primary outcome for analysis was the ECW fraction, ECW/BW, where ECW = extracellular water, and BW = body weight. Outlier tests indicated an additional three participants whose values on the cognitive test and/or the hydration device were outside of plausible/acceptable ranges, suggesting a failure of the test procedure. [...]the final sample for analysis included 29 participants. There is some potential that exercise and unreported mental health/neurological disorders, which influences cognitive performance has an unobserved confounding influence. Disclosure The sources had no role in study design, collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the report, and the decision to submit the report for publication.
Journal Article
Bonk : the curious coupling of science and sex
Roach shows how and why sexual arousal and orgasm can be so hard to achieve and what science is doing to make the bedroom a more satisfying place.
Book
Comparing Blunt and Penetrating Trauma in Spinal Cord Injury: Analysis of Long-Term Functional and Neurological Outcomes
Comparisons between patients with penetrating spinal cord injury (PSCI) and blunt spinal cord injury (BSCI) are scarce.
To describe baseline characteristics and neurological and functional outcomes for patients with BSCI and PSCI.
Participants with BSCI (
= 5,316) and PSCI (
= 1,062) were extracted from the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems database from January 1994 to January 2015. Participant injury and demographic characteristics were recorded. Outcomes were measured using the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury and FIM motor scores. Outcomes for patients with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) complete injuries were analyzed separately from incomplete injuries at three time points: acute hospitalization, SCI rehabilitation, and 1-year follow-up.
Patients with PSCI compared to those with BSCI were more likely to present with complete injuries (56.8% vs 35.9%;
< .001) and were less likely to undergo spine surgery (19.6% vs 80.6%;
< .001). For incomplete injuries, no significant differences were observed between groups in FIM scores or AIS grade improvement at 1 year. For complete injuries, patients with BSCI showed an increased one-grade (15.7% vs 9.1%;
< .001) and three-grade (5.4% vs 1.9%;
= .014) AIS improvement at 1 year. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated an independent effect for BSCI on AIS improvement at 1 year (odds ratio [OR], 1.74; 95% CI, 1.13-2.70; C-stat = 0.66).
Patient with PSCI had more complete injuries and lower surgery rates. Patients with complete BSCI show greater AIS improvement at 1 year, and incomplete injuries show no difference in neurological improvement between groups. Overall, patients with PSCI demonstrated worse functional outcomes at 1 year.
Journal Article
Grunt : the curious science of humans at war
\"Tackles the science behind some of a soldier's most challenging adversaries--panic, exhaustion, heat, noise--and introduces us to the scientists who seek to conquer them\"--Page 4 of cover.
Book
Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatment of Penetrating Spinal Cord Injury: Analysis of Long-term Neurological and Functional Outcomes
Objective: To describe long-term neurological and functional outcomes for patients with penetrating spinal cord injury (PSCI) following surgical (SX) and nonsurgical (NSX) treatment. Methods: We identified all patients with PSCI in the Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems database from 1994–2015. Patients with PSCI were divided into surgical (SX) and nonsurgical (NSX) groups. Outcomes were measured using the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor scores. Outcomes were then analyzed separately for patients with complete and incomplete PSCI during acute hospitalization, SCI rehabilitation, and 1-year follow-up. Results: For patients with complete PSCI, acute hospital length of stay (LOS) was increased in the SX group (19 days vs 14 days; p < .0001) while median FIM motor scores were similar at 1-year follow-up (74 vs 75; p = .4). The percentage of patients with complete PSCI remained similar between groups at discharge from SCI rehabilitation (88% vs 88%; p = 0.5). For patients with incomplete PSCIs, acute hospital LOS was similar between groups (13 vs 11; p = .3) and no difference was observed in ASIA Impairment Scale improvement at discharge from rehabilitation (38% vs 37%; p = .9) or in FIM scores at 1 year (84 vs 85; p = .6). Conclusion: Surgery for patients with complete PSCI is associated with increased acute hospital LOS for complete PSCI and is not associated with improvement in neurological or functional outcomes in patients with either complete or incomplete PSCI.
Journal Article