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"Robert Warner"
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Monkey trouble
While spending two days touring a zoo to see the baby animals, the four Alden children, aged six to fourteen, help catch an escaped monkey, participate in a photography contest, and investigate a missing camera.
Book
Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean
The loss of animal species in terrestrial environments has been well documented and is continuing. Loss of species in marine environments has been slower than in terrestrial systems, but appears to be increasing rapidly. McCauley et al. review the recent patterns of species decline and loss in marine environments. Though they note many worrying declines, they also highlight approaches that might allow us to prevent the type of massive defaunation that has occurred on land. Science , this issue 10.1126/science.1255641 Marine defaunation, or human-caused animal loss in the oceans, emerged forcefully only hundreds of years ago, whereas terrestrial defaunation has been occurring far longer. Though humans have caused few global marine extinctions, we have profoundly affected marine wildlife, altering the functioning and provisioning of services in every ocean. Current ocean trends, coupled with terrestrial defaunation lessons, suggest that marine defaunation rates will rapidly intensify as human use of the oceans industrializes. Though protected areas are a powerful tool to harness ocean productivity, especially when designed with future climate in mind, additional management strategies will be required. Overall, habitat degradation is likely to intensify as a major driver of marine wildlife loss. Proactive intervention can avert a marine defaunation disaster of the magnitude observed on land.
Journal Article
Superstar Watch
The Alden children stumble upon a mystery when they enter their dog, Watch, in a contest that could lead to fame and fortune, but where things keep going wrong.
Book
Recovery trajectories of kelp forest animals are rapid yet spatially variable across a network of temperate marine protected areas
Oceans currently face a variety of threats, requiring ecosystem-based approaches to management such as networks of marine protected areas (MPAs). We evaluated changes in fish biomass on temperate rocky reefs over the decade following implementation of a network of MPAs in the northern Channel Islands, California. We found that the biomass of targeted (i.e. fished) species has increased consistently inside all MPAs in the network, with an effect of geography on the strength of the response. More interesting, biomass of targeted fish species also increased outside MPAs, although only 27% as rapidly as in the protected areas, indicating that redistribution of fishing effort has not severely affected unprotected populations. Whether the increase outside of MPAs is due to changes in fishing pressure, fisheries management actions, adult spillover, favorable environmental conditions, or a combination of all four remains unknown. We evaluated methods of controlling for biogeographic or environmental variation across networks of protected areas and found similar performance of models incorporating empirical sea surface temperature versus a simple geographic blocking term based on assemblage structure. The patterns observed are promising indicators of the success of this network, but more work is needed to understand how ecological and physical contexts affect MPA performance.
Journal Article
Why don't we defend better? : data breaches, risk management, and public policy
\"The wave of data breaches raises two pressing questions : Why don't we defend our networks better? And, what practical incentives can we create to improve our defenses? Why Don't We Defend Better? : Data Breaches, Risk Management, and Public Policy answers those questions. It distinguishes three technical sources of data breaches corresponding to three types of vulnerabilities: software, human, and network. It discusses two risk management goals: business and consumer. The authors propose mandatory anonymous reporting of information as an essential step toward better defense, as well as a general reporting requirement. They also provide a systematic overview of data breach defense, combining technological and public policy considerations\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Biological effects within no-take marine reserves
The study and implementation of no-take marine reserves have increased rapidly over the past decade, providing ample data on the biological effects of reserve protection for a wide range of geographic locations and organisms. The plethora of new studies affords the opportunity to reevaluate previous findings and address formerly unanswered questions with extensive data syntheses. Our results show, on average, positive effects of reserve protection on the biomass, numerical density, species richness, and size of organisms within their boundaries which are remarkably similar to those of past syntheses despite a near doubling of data. New analyses indicate that (1) these results do not appear to be an artifact of reserves being sited in better locations; (2) results do not appear to be driven by displaced fishing effort outside of reserves; (3) contrary to often-made assertions, reserves have similar if not greater positive effects in temperate settings, at least for reef ecosystems; (4) even small reserves can produce significant biological responses irrespective of latitude, although more data are needed to test whether reserve effects scale with reserve size; and (5) effects of reserves vary for different taxonomic groups and for taxa with various characteristics, and not all species increase in response to reserve protection. There is considerable variation in the responses documented across all the reserves in our data set—variability which cannot be entirely explained by which species were studied. We suggest that reserve characteristics and context, particularly the intensity of fishing outside the reserve and inside the reserve before implementation, play key roles in determining the direction and magnitude of the reserve response. However, despite considerable variability, positive responses are far more common than no differences or negative responses, validating the potential for well designed and enforced reserves to serve as globally important conservation and management tools.
Journal Article
The pumpkin head mystery
The Boxcar Children investigate a mysterious ghost with a glowing pumpkin head at a friend's farm.
Book
Connectivity, Dispersal, and Recruitment
The life cycle of most benthic marine species includes a planktonic larval stage. Movement, largely by ocean currents, and survival during this stage drive patterns of variability and long-term persistence in adult populations, as well as connectivity among spatially separated populations. Here, we describe recent advances—many by PISCO—in understanding this stage and the resulting insights into population dynamics. Empirically, the past decade has seen advances in the use of both genetics (primarily parentage analysis) and ocean circulation simulations to resolve larval connectivity at ever-finer spatial and temporal scales. Additionally, deployment of standardized larval collectors at coast-wide scales has revealed striking patterns of spatial and interannual variability. In some cases, variability in larval settlement can be explained by oceanographic processes. However, there is a growing realization that predicting how many new juveniles will enter the adult population at a given location requires understanding not only larval transport pathways but also the spatial pattern and timing of larval production, and how the larval journey might affect post-larval survival and growth. Hence, a full understanding of larval connectivity requires information from benthic populations as well. This is particularly true in the context of climate change, as patterns of productivity and survival shift.
Journal Article
The spy in the bleachers
The Aldens help out at a minor league stadium and investigate when it appears someone in the ballpark is stealing the home team pitcher's signals and relaying them to the batters of the other team.
Book
Considering the Importance of Attachment in Outcomes: The Case of Summer Camp
Youth programs are consistently described as settings that offer youth developmental experiences. Summer camps are one example of youth programs with empirical evidence suggesting positive outcomes of participation; however, researchers seldom address how youth’s social development, such as attachment, may shape outcomes. By not accounting for differences in attachment, researchers may be missing reasons why youth programs, like summer camps, function as developmental settings that foster outcomes for some youth, but not for others. Using summer camp as an example youth program, the purpose of this paper is to consider the role of attachment in youth outcomes. This article reviews and integrates positive youth development, summer camp, and attachment literature to arrive at a conceptual argument for the importance of including attachment when studying summer camps. Suggestions for how researchers can enhance their efforts by accounting for how attachment may shape youth outcomes are also offered.
Journal Article