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Mapping resilience: Development of the resilience process scales (RPS) and resilience profiles during adversity
The resilience literature is often criticised for lacking clarity in the conceptualisation and measurement of resilience, with the literature yet to consider within-person profiles of resilience and how such profiles might influence reactions to different adverse contexts. To significantly enhance the research area, the current set of studies propose and test a four-stage process model of resilience including proactive (anticipation & minimizing) and reactive (managing & mending) components. We suggest the four processes can function independently within five separate domains (general, physical, social, cognitive, and emotional). Specifically, in Studies 1 ( n = 181) and 2 ( n = 284) we develop a measure of resilience reflecting our four-stage process model and demonstrated validity of a 13-item measure for each of the five proposed domains via a Bayesian structural equation modelling approach. Focusing on the general domain and based on the four resilience processes (anticipate, minimize, manage, & mend), Study 3 ( n = 400) explored resilience profiles in a pilot study, and then confirmed these profiles and their relationship with psychological and behavioral outcomes related to the COVID-19 pandemic in a main study. Using latent profile and latent transition analysis, results revealed four distinct profiles, predicting a range of psychological outcomes. For example, those with lower resilience (particularly profiles with high anticipation but low levels of the other processes), showed higher anxiety (especially with high anticipation), depression, impulsiveness, and lower coping effectiveness. Those with higher resilience (Profile 3 and 4) across the four processes exhibited lower depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness, as well as higher well-being, better perceived coping effectiveness, and preventative behaviors. Taken together the results from the studies presented, support the process model of resilience and underscore the benefits of considering resilience profiles in relation to understanding how people deal with adverse contexts.
Journal Article
O2 No Longer the Go2: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing the Effects of Giving Perioperative Oxygen Therapy of 30% FiO2 to 80% FiO2 on Surgical Site Infection and Mortality
Objective
To determine the effects of perioperative high (80%) versus low (30%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO
2
) on surgical site infection (SSI) and mortality in adult surgical patients.
Background
The routine use of high fraction perioperative oxygen in patients is “standard of care” and recommended by the World Health Organisation; however, whether there is truly any benefit to this therapy has been challenged by some authors. Questions have also been raised about the possibility of harm from oxygen therapy.
Method
Randomised control trials comparing high-to-low FiO
2
were located by searching
MEDLINE
,
Embase
,
CENTRAL
and
Web of Science.
The primary outcomes were SSI up to 15 days and up to any time point postoperatively and mortality up to 30 days. The data were analysed using random effects meta-analysis.
Results
Twelve studies involving 10,212 participants were included. At 15 days postoperatively, and at the longest point of post-operative follow-up, there was no statistically significant reduction in the risk of SSI when comparing patients who received a perioperative FiO
2
of 30% to those with an FiO
2
of 80% (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.00–2.01,
p
0.05 and RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.00–1.51,
p
0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between the 30% FiO
2
and the 80% FiO
2
groups (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.56–2.22,
p
0.76).
Conclusion
This meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference in post-operative SSI or mortality when comparing patients receiving an FiO
2
of 80% to those receiving an FiO
2
of 30%.
Journal Article
O 2 No Longer the Go 2 : A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis Comparing the Effects of Giving Perioperative Oxygen Therapy of 30% FiO 2 to 80% FiO 2 on Surgical Site Infection and Mortality
To determine the effects of perioperative high (80%) versus low (30%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO
) on surgical site infection (SSI) and mortality in adult surgical patients.
The routine use of high fraction perioperative oxygen in patients is \"standard of care\" and recommended by the World Health Organisation; however, whether there is truly any benefit to this therapy has been challenged by some authors. Questions have also been raised about the possibility of harm from oxygen therapy.
Randomised control trials comparing high-to-low FiO
were located by searching MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL and Web of Science. The primary outcomes were SSI up to 15 days and up to any time point postoperatively and mortality up to 30 days. The data were analysed using random effects meta-analysis.
Twelve studies involving 10,212 participants were included. At 15 days postoperatively, and at the longest point of post-operative follow-up, there was no statistically significant reduction in the risk of SSI when comparing patients who received a perioperative FiO
of 30% to those with an FiO
of 80% (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.00-2.01, p 0.05 and RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.00-1.51, p 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between the 30% FiO
and the 80% FiO
groups (RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.56-2.22, p 0.76).
This meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference in post-operative SSI or mortality when comparing patients receiving an FiO
of 80% to those receiving an FiO
of 30%.
Journal Article
Approaching Breakthrough: Resource-Efficient Micropollutant Removal with MBR-GAC Configuration
The removal of micropollutants from municipal wastewater is crucial to mitigate negative environmental impacts on aquatic ecosystems. However, existing advanced treatment techniques often require extensive fossil resources to achieve the targeted removal of a broad range of micropollutants. This study presents the combination of Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) and subsequent Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) filters as a resource-efficient solution. Based on long-term pilot studies at a municipal WWTP in Stockholm, Sweden, this investigation explores the MBR-GAC configuration as a sustainable alternative for quaternary treatment at WWTPs. Results from over three years demonstrate a high removal efficiency of over 80% for targeted pharmaceuticals and other organic micropollutants, such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), from the WWTP inlet to the outlet. The synergy between MBR and GAC technologies provides this high removal efficiency with considerably lower resource consumption and cost compared to traditional GAC installations. No breakthrough of micropollutants has been observed to date indicating even better resource efficiency than presented in this paper.
Journal Article
Anxiety and Mood Disturbance Are Prospectively Associated With Respiratory Infection Risk and the Mucosal Immune Response to Exercise
We prospectively examined whether psychological factors influence (a) respiratory tract infection (RTI) risk and (b) the mucosal immune response to exercise. In Study 1, n = 406 adults (67% male) recorded RTI symptoms for two weeks before and after a marathon. In Study 2, under controlled laboratory conditions, n = 45 adults (51% male) completed 60 min of running at 65% V̇O2peak (EX) and seated rest (CON) in randomised order. Anxiety, total mood disturbance (TMD) and perceived psychological stress were measured before exercise. Saliva collected pre‐ and post‐exercise was analysed for secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). Fifty runners suffered an RTI post‐marathon. Runners prospectively reporting high trait anxiety or TMD were more likely to suffer an RTI post‐marathon (OR [95% CI] = 1.06 [1.02–1.11] and 1.04 [1.01–1.07], respectively). Higher trait anxiety and TMD were associated with a greater reduction in saliva SIgA (p < 0.05). There was no association between mucosal immunity and RTI risk (OR [95% CI] = 1.00 [0.97–1.01]). In Study 2, despite no significant difference between EX and CON (p > 0.05), psychological factors were associated with the SIgA secretion rate response to exercise in men (trait anxiety, state anxiety, TMD, psychological stress: r = −0.55, −0.65, −0.61 and −0.66, respectively; p < 0.01). In conclusion, anxiety and mood disturbance were prospectively associated with infection risk after a marathon and the mucosal immune response to exercise. Athletes should optimise psychological well‐being to support immune health. Researchers should take account of psychological factors when examining the mucosal immune response to exercise. Highlights Psychological factors, including anxiety and mood disturbance, were prospectively associated with respiratory infection risk after a marathon and the mucosal immune response to exercise. Athletes should take steps to minimise exposure to high stress and anxiety and improve mood prior to competition to support immune health and infection resistance. Researchers should account for psychological stress and anxiety when examining the immune response to exercise.
Journal Article
A Comparison of Training, Injury, Illness, Sleep, Wellbeing and Stress Between Developing Elite and Recreational Athletes
The impact of National Governing Body talent development programmes on injury, illness, sleep, wellbeing and stress of developing elite athletes (DEA) is poorly understood. Therefore, we examined differences between age‐matched DEA (n = 42, 25 females; Mage = 21.0; SD = 2.5) and recreationally active athletes (RAA, n = 79, 56 females; Mage = 21.2; SD = 2.8) on these variables over 14 weeks of training using a weekly online monitoring tool. Compared to RAA, DEA completed a greater proportion of planned training and competition without health problems or reducing training volume. Despite training more hours (DEA M = 17.1; SD = 5.1, RAA M = 6.0; SD = 3.2, p < 0.001), DEA reported similar recovery, higher readiness to train, more sleep, better sleep quality, higher wellbeing (DEA M = 68%; SD = 15, RAA M = 56% SD = 16, p < 0.001), lower stress and fewer injuries, resulting in fewer days lost to injuries than RAA (DEA M = 0.4; SD = 1.5, RAA M = 2.5 SD = 6.7, p = 0.01). There was no difference between DEA and RAA in the prevalence of illness or days lost due to illness. In conclusion, despite a greater training and competition load, DEA reported better health and wellbeing than RAA, suggesting the increased demands of National Governing Body talent development programmes may not adversely affect health. These findings also highlight the benefits and importance of talent development systems undertaking a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to athlete monitoring. Highlights Little is known about the impact of training and competition demands on developing elite athletes (DEA; those athletes training and competing as part of National Governing Body talent development programs). DEA train and compete more than age‐matched recreationally active athletes but report better sleep, higher wellbeing, lower stress and fewer injuries, resulting in fewer training and competition days lost to injuries. These study findings highlight the benefits of comprehensive and multidisciplinary approaches to athlete monitoring, particularly in the DEA population.
Journal Article