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Sunny day : a celebration of Sesame Street
\"To celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Sesame Street, beloved picture-book artists have each created an artwork interpreting a different line from \"Sunny Day,\" the iconic Sesame Street theme song. The range of their pieces demonstrates that Sesame Street can truly be found anywhere.\"-- Publisher's description.
Book
Cross-priming in health and disease
Key Points
Cross-presentation allows dendritic cells (DCs) to activate CD8
+
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) for immune defence against viruses that do not infect DCs and tumours that originate from non-DCs.
Immunogenic cross-presentation (cross-priming) requires that DCs are licensed by T helper (T
H
) cells or natural killer T (NKT) cells, which renders them competent to programme CTLs for survival, effector function and memory cell generation.
Licensing T
H
or NKT cells cause DCs to produce discrete chemokines that recruit naive CTLs into lymphatic tissues for cross-priming. Also, DC–T
H
cell interaction in non-lymphatic tissues results in chemokine production that recruits cross-primed CTLs for cytotoxic effector functions, which promote antiviral defence and immune-mediated disease.
Cross-priming allows for the expansion of CTLs and the induction of antiviral immunity even in the presence of viral immune escape from MHC class I presentation in infected cells
Cross-presentation of autoantigens causes deletion of autoreactive CTLs that have escaped central tolerance; failure of such cross-tolerance is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and psoriasis.
Many tumour antigens are effectively cross-presented but this rarely results in effective cross-priming. Vaccination strategies that combine tumour antigens with adjuvants that mature DCs and increase cross-presentation and chemokine production may overcome this problem when combined with suitable chemotherapies that do not compromise antitumour immunity.
The activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by cross-presented antigen (known as cross-priming) is necessary for immunity against certain viruses, bacteria and most tumours. Here, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of cross-priming are described, providing insight into some central questions on the basic mechanisms of cross-priming, and its physiological and therapeutic importance are discussed.
Cross-priming is an important mechanism to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) for immune defence against viruses and tumours. Although it was discovered more than 25 years ago, we have only recently gained insight into the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, and we are just beginning to understand its physiological importance in health and disease. Here we summarize current concepts on the cross-talk between the immune cells involved in CTL cross-priming and on its role in antimicrobial and antitumour defence, as well as in immune-mediated diseases.
Journal Article
أفضل الممارسات في تربية الموهوبين : دليل مبني على البرهان
يقدم كتاب ( أفصل الممارسات في تربية الموهوبين ) العديد من النصائح الموجزة والحديثة، القائمة على البحوث، لكل من المربين، والإداريين، وأولياء أمور اليافعين الموهوبين والنابغين. وقد جاءت الممارسات التسع والعشرون الواردة في هذا الكتاب؛ نتيجة لدراسة وتمحيص مكثفين في البحوث التربوية المتعلقة بالأساليب الناجحة في تدريس الشباب الموهوبين؛ ومن بين هذه الأساليب الاهتمام بالطلبة المتنوعين ثقافيًا، وذوي الدخل المنخفض، ووسائل تعرف الموهوبين، والحاجة إلى منهاج يتحدى الشباب ذوي القدرات الفائقة.
Book
Advances in Malignant Mesothelioma
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor of serosal surfaces, such as the pleura and the peritoneum. This tumor was once rare, but its incidence is increasing worldwide, probably as a result of widespread exposure to asbestos, a factor with which it is associated. The authors review advances made in the past 5 to 10 years in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of mesothelioma.
This tumor was once rare, but its incidence is increasing worldwide, probably as a result of widespread exposure to asbestos. The authors review advances made in the past 5 to 10 years in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of mesothelioma.
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor of serosal surfaces, such as the pleura and the peritoneum.
1
This tumor was once rare, but its incidence is increasing worldwide, probably as a result of widespread exposure to asbestos, a factor with which it is associated (Table 1).
8
There is substantial interest in this disease on the part of the medical community and the general public, because millions of people have been exposed to asbestos fibers, and many articles about the dangers of asbestos have appeared in the press.
In addition to its substantial personal and health care costs, malignant mesothelioma is associated . . .
Journal Article
Immunotherapy and chemotherapy — a practical partnership
This article discusses how recent data have altered the way we understand how dying tumour cells, particularly those killed by chemotherapy, engage with antitumour immune responses. These data have significant implications for the development of new protocols combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy, indicating an exciting potential for therapeutic synergy with general applicability to many cancer types.
Journal Article
The best American mystery stories 2016
The Best American Mystery Stories 2016 is a feast of both literary crime and hard-boiled detection, featuring a seemingly innocent murderer, a drug dealer in love, a drunken prank gone terribly wrong, and plenty of other surprising twists and turns.
Book
Factors affecting outcomes in patients reaching end-stage kidney disease worldwide: differences in access to renal replacement therapy, modality use, and haemodialysis practices
More than 2 million people worldwide are being treated for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). This Series paper provides an overview of incidence, modality use (in-centre haemodialysis, home dialysis, or transplantation), and mortality for patients with ESKD based on national registry data. We also present data from an international cohort study to highlight differences in haemodialysis practices that affect survival and the experience of patients who rely on this therapy, which is both life-sustaining and profoundly disruptive to their quality of life. Data illustrate disparities in access to renal replacement therapy of any kind and in the use of transplantation or home dialysis, both of which are widely considered preferable to in-centre haemodialysis for many patients with ESKD in settings where infrastructure permits. For most patients with ESKD worldwide who are treated with in-centre haemodialysis, overall survival is poor, but longer in some Asian countries than elsewhere in the world, and longer in Europe than in the USA, although this gap has reduced. Commendable haemodialysis practice includes exceptionally high use of surgical vascular access in Japan and in some European countries, and the use of longer or more frequent dialysis sessions in some countries, allowing for more effective volume management. Mortality is especially high soon after ESKD onset, and improved preparation for ESKD is needed including alignment of decision making with the wishes of patients and families.
Journal Article
Sex-Specific Differences in Hemodialysis Prevalence and Practices and the Male-to-Female Mortality Rate: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS)
A comprehensive analysis of sex-specific differences in the characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of individuals with end-stage renal disease undergoing dialysis might reveal treatment inequalities and targets to improve sex-specific patient care. Here we describe hemodialysis prevalence and patient characteristics by sex, compare the adult male-to-female mortality rate with data from the general population, and evaluate sex interactions with mortality.
We assessed the Human Mortality Database and 206,374 patients receiving hemodialysis from 12 countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, the UK, and the US) participating in the international, prospective Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) between June 1996 and March 2012. Among 35,964 sampled DOPPS patients with full data collection, we studied patient characteristics (descriptively) and mortality (via Cox regression) by sex. In all age groups, more men than women were on hemodialysis (59% versus 41% overall), with large differences observed between countries. The average estimated glomerular filtration rate at hemodialysis initiation was higher in men than women. The male-to-female mortality rate ratio in the general population varied from 1.5 to 2.6 for age groups <75 y, but in hemodialysis patients was close to one. Compared to women, men were younger (mean = 61.9 ± standard deviation 14.6 versus 63.1 ± 14.5 y), were less frequently obese, were more frequently married and recipients of a kidney transplant, more frequently had coronary artery disease, and were less frequently depressed. Interaction analyses showed that the mortality risk associated with several comorbidities and hemodialysis catheter use was lower for men (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.11) than women (HR = 1.33, interaction p<0.001). This study is limited by its inability to establish causality for the observed sex-specific differences and does not provide information about patients not treated with dialysis or dying prior to a planned start of dialysis.
Women's survival advantage was markedly diminished in hemodialysis patients. The finding that fewer women than men were being treated with dialysis for end-stage renal disease merits detailed further study, as the large discrepancies in sex-specific hemodialysis prevalence by country and age group are likely explained by factors beyond biology. Modifiable variables, such as catheter use, showing significant sex interactions suggest interventional targeting. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Journal Article
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with high folate content in wild potato species
Micronutrient deficiency, also known as the hidden hunger, affects over two billion people worldwide. Potato is the third most consumed food crops in the world, and is therefore a fundamental element of food security for millions of people. Increasing the amount of micronutrients in food crop could help alleviate worldwide micronutrient malnutrition. In the present study, we report on the identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with folate, an essential micronutrient in the human diet. A high folate diploid clone Fol 1.6 from the wild potato relative Solanum boliviense (PI 597736) was crossed with a low/medium folate diploid S. tuberosum clone USW4self#3. The resulting F1 progeny was intermated to generate an F2 population, and tubers from 94 F2 individuals were harvested for folate analysis and SNP genotyping using a SolCap 12K Potato SNP array. Folate content in the progeny ranged from 304 to 2,952 ng g-1 dry weight. 6,759 high quality SNPs containing 4,174 (62%) polymorphic and 2,585 (38%) monomorphic SNPs were used to investigate marker-trait association. Association analysis was performed using two different approaches: survey SNP-trait association (SSTA) and SNP-trait association (STA). A total of 497 significant SNPs were identified, 489 by SSTA analysis and 43 by STA analysis. Markers identified by SSTA were located on all twelve chromosomes while those identified by STA were confined to chromosomes 2, 4, and 6. Eighteen of the significant SNPs were located within or in close proximity to folate metabolism-related genes. Forty two SNPs were identical between SSTA and STA analyses. These SNPs have potential to be used in marker-assisted selection for breeding high folate potato varieties.
Journal Article