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"Robinson, Dale"
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Urban sustainability : reconnecting space and place
Given ongoing concerns about global climate change and its impacts on cities, the need for sustainable planning has never been greater. This book explores concrete ways to achieve urban sustainability based on integrated planning, policy development, and decision-making. Urban Sustainability is the first book to provide an applied interdisciplinary perspective on the challenges and opportunities that lay ahead in this area. Bringing together researchers and practitioners to explore leading innovations on the ground, this volume combines the theoretical underpinnings of urban sustainability with current practices through highly readable narrative case studies. The contributors also provide fresh perspectives on how issues related to sustainable urban planning and development can be reconciled through collaborative partnerships and engagement processes.
Book
Additively manufactured controlled porous orthopedic joint replacement designs to reduce bone stress shielding: a systematic review
Background
Total joint replacements are an established treatment for patients suffering from reduced mobility and pain due to severe joint damage. Aseptic loosening due to stress shielding is currently one of the main reasons for revision surgery. As this phenomenon is related to a mismatch in mechanical properties between implant and bone, stiffness reduction of implants has been of major interest in new implant designs. Facilitated by modern additive manufacturing technologies, the introduction of porosity into implant materials has been shown to enable significant stiffness reduction; however, whether these devices mitigate stress-shielding associated complications or device failure remains poorly understood.
Methods
In this systematic review, a broad literature search was conducted in six databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, Compendex, and Inspec) aiming to identify current design approaches to target stress shielding through controlled porous structures. The search keywords included ‘lattice,’ ‘implant,’ ‘additive manufacturing,’ and ‘stress shielding.’
Results
After the screening of 2530 articles, a total of 46 studies were included in this review. Studies focusing on hip, knee, and shoulder replacements were found. Three porous design strategies were identified, specifically uniform, graded, and optimized designs. The latter included personalized design approaches targeting stress shielding based on patient-specific data. All studies reported a reduction of stress shielding achieved by the presented design.
Conclusion
Not all studies used quantitative measures to describe the improvements, and the main stress shielding measures chosen varied between studies. However, due to the nature of the optimization approaches, optimized designs were found to be the most promising. Besides the stiffness reduction, other factors such as mechanical strength can be considered in the design on a patient-specific level. While it was found that controlled porous designs are overall promising to reduce stress shielding, further research and clinical evidence are needed to determine the most superior design approach for total joint replacement implants.
Journal Article
Armor wars
\"Technopolis: an amazing domain of science and wonder created by the visionary genius of brothers Tony and Arno Stark. It's a real-life utopia, save for one fact: Every resident must wear armor to protect them from a deadly disease. But this near-paradise may be shattered forever when one of its few super heroes is murdered! As Baron Tony and this domain's Thor--a hammer-wielding Jim Rhodes--race to find out who killed Spyder-Man. Wilson Fisk tightens his grip on the city's underbelly. Will the Kingpin dethrone a certain genius philanthropist playboy--and plunge Technopolis into chaos? As the mystery behind the plight of Technopolis unfolds, cracks in Tony's invincible armor are exposed, and the looming crisis could pit brother against brother.\"-- Page 4 of cover.
Book
Influence of the geometric and material properties of lumbar endplate on lumbar interbody fusion failure: a systematic review
Background
Lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) is an established surgical intervention for patients with leg and back pain secondary to disc herniation or degeneration. Interbody fusion involves removal of the herniated or degenerated disc and insertion of interbody devices with bone grafts into the remaining cavity. Extensive research has been conducted on operative complications such as a failure of fusion or non-union of the vertebral bodies. Multiple factors including surgical, implant, and patient factors influencing the rate of complications have been identified. Patient factors include age, sex, osteoporosis, and patient anatomy. Complications can also be influenced by the interbody cage design. The geometry of the bony endplates as well as their corresponding material properties guides the design of interbody cages, which vary considerably across patients with spinal disorders. However, studies on the effects of such variations on the rate of complications are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a systematic review of lumbar endplate geometry and material property factors in LIF failure.
Methods
Search keywords included ‘factor/cause for spinal fusion failure/cage subsidence/cage migration/non-union’, ‘lumbar’, and ‘interbody’ in electronic databases PubMed and Scopus with no limits on year of publication.
Results
In total, 1341 articles were reviewed, and 29 articles were deemed suitable for inclusion. Adverse events after LIF, such as cage subsidence, cage migration, and non-union, resulted in fusion failure; hence, risk factors for adverse events after LIF, notably those associated with lumbar endplate geometry and material properties, were also associated with fusion failure. Those risk factors were associated with shape, concavity, bone mineral density and stiffness of endplate, segmental disc angle, and intervertebral disc height.
Conclusions
This review demonstrated that decreased contact areas between the cage and endplate, thin and weak bony endplate as well as spinal diseases such as spondylolisthesis and osteoporosis are important causes of adverse events after LIF. These findings will facilitate the selection and design of LIF cages, including customised implants based on patient endplate properties.
Journal Article
Flashpoint : the world of Flashpoint featuring Wonder Woman
\"Flashpoint has changed the DC Universe, and nothing is as it was before. Now, a wedding between Wonder Woman-- Diana of the Amazons-- and Aquaman of Atlantis has turned deadly. Rocked by murder and betrayal, the two mythical warrior races take up arms-- and the rest of the world will pay the price. As Wonder Woman and the Amazons destrop their home of Themyscira and claim Great Britain as their new island nation, Aquaman and his Atlanteans will sacrifice millions of lives in an attempt to destroy their enemies\" -- p. [4] of cover.
Book
Wearable Technology and Machine Learning for Prediction of Performance-Based and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: A Systematic Review
Machine learning models informed by patient-generated wearable data can be used to predict patient-reported and performance-based outcome measures. This approach offers a promising alternative to traditional outcome monitoring, which is commonly limited by recall bias, discrete sampling, and healthcare resource constraints. The aims of this systematic review were to identify wearable-derived features strongly associated with performance-based and patient-reported outcome measures, to compare the predictive performance across machine learning approaches, and to consolidate methodological limitations and provide suggestions for future work. Following a systematic search of four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and IEEE Xplore), 18 eligible studies were identified, published between 2017 and 2024, spanning patients across eight disease categories. Most studies used wrist-worn devices measuring accelerometry, sometimes combined with heart rate, respiratory, or sleep metrics. Random forest and support vector machine models were the most common, while hidden Markov temporal models showed improved performance with access to longitudinal data. Predictive performance ranged from poor to excellent (AUC 0.56–0.92), and non-linear models generally outperformed linear models. Despite promising early results, most studies report similar limitations of small sample sizes, limited external validation, and difficulty achieving acceptable accuracy beyond binary predictions. Overall, these studies highlight the potential of wearable-informed machine learning for continuous and objective outcome assessment, but the consensus calls for further work to apply larger, more diverse longitudinal datasets and interpretable temporal modelling approaches to bridge the gap between the current proof-of-concept state and clinical translation.
Journal Article
Measurement of normal and pathological mandibular and temporomandibular joint kinematics: A systematic review
Motion of the mandible and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) plays a pivotal role in the function of the dentition and associated hard and soft tissue structures, and facilitates mastication, oral communication and access to respiratory and digestive systems. Quantification of TMJ kinematics is clinically relevant in cases of prosthetic rehabilitations, TMJ disorders, osteoarthritis, trauma, tumour resection and congenital abnormalities, which are known to directly influence mandibular motion and loading. The objective of this systematic review was to critically investigate published literature on historic and contemporary measurement modalities used to quantify in vivo mandibular and TMJ kinematics in six degrees of freedom. The electronic databases of Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Embase and Central were searched and 109 relevant articles identified. Publication quality was documented using a modified Downs and Black checklist. Axiography and ultrasonic tracking are commonly employed in the clinical setting due to their simplicity and capacity to rapidly acquire low-fidelity mandibular motion data. Magnetic and optoelectronic tracking have been used in combination with dental splints to produce higher accuracy measurements while minimising skin motion artefact, but at the expense of setup time and cost. Four-dimensional computed tomography provides direct 3D measurement of mandibular and TMJ motion while circumventing skin motion artefact entirely, but employs ionising radiation, is restricted to low sampling frequencies, and requires time-consuming image processing. Recent advances in magnetic tracking using miniature sensors adhered to the teeth in combination with intraoral scanning may facilitate rapid and high precision mandibular kinematics measurement in the clinical setting. The findings of this review will guide selection and application of mandibular and TMJ kinematic measurement for both clinical and research applications.
Journal Article
A failure envelope approach to characterizing strength of an amputated femur with a bone-anchored percutaneous implant
Bone-anchored percutaneous implants, commonly referred to as osseointegrated implants, are gaining popularity as an alternative to sockets for attaching a prosthetic limb to an amputated femur. While these implants have several advantages, femoral fractures are relatively common in these patients, occurring in 6.3% of femurs within 4 years. This study aimed to develop a novel method to quantify femoral strength under all possible external loads acting on the distal implant. Finite element analysis was used to explore combinations of forces and moments that, when applied on the bone-anchored implant, were just sufficient to fracture the femur. The 6-dimensional envelope generated in the current study provided a quantitative description of the strength of the femur-implant construct. All the femoral fractures were predicted in the trochanteric region, corresponding to where most in vivo fractures have been reported. The 6-dimensional envelopes developed in the current study may be useful in the design of fail-safe devices that could reduce femoral fractures in patients with bone-anchored percutaneous femoral implants. The framework presented may also be used for determining patient suitability for bone-anchored percutaneous implants, and for evaluating the functional performance of implant designs.
Journal Article
Generation of hemipelvis surface geometry based on statistical shape modelling and contralateral mirroring
Personalised fracture plates manufactured using 3D printing offer an improved treatment option for unstable pelvic ring fractures that may not be adequately secured using off-the-shelf components. To design fracture plates that secure the bone fragments in their pre-fracture positions, the fractures must be reduced virtually using medical imaging-based reconstructions, a time-consuming process involving segmentation and repositioning of fragments until surface congruency is achieved. This study compared statistical shape models (SSMs) and contralateral mirroring as automated methods to reconstruct the hemipelvis using varying amounts of bone surface geometry. The training set for the geometries was obtained from pelvis CT scans of 33 females. The root-mean-squared error (RMSE) was quantified across the entire surface of the hemipelvis and within specific regions, and deviations of pelvic landmarks were computed from their positions in the intact hemipelvis. The reconstruction of the entire hemipelvis surfaced based on contralateral mirroring had an RMSE of 1.21 ± 0.29 mm, whereas for SSMs based on the entire hemipelvis surface, the RMSE was 1.11 ± 0.29 mm, a difference that was not significant (p = 0.32). Moreover, all hemipelvis reconstructions based on the full or partial bone geometries had RMSEs and landmark deviations from contralateral mirroring that were significantly lower (p < 0.05) or statistically equivalent to the SSMs. These results indicate that contralateral mirroring tends to be more accurate than SSMs for reconstructing unilateral pelvic fractures. SSMs may still be a viable method for hemipelvis fracture reconstruction in situations where contralateral geometries are not available, such as bilateral pelvic factures, or for highly asymmetric pelvic anatomies.
Journal Article
Kinematics of the jaw following total temporomandibular joint replacement surgery
Total temporomandibular joint (TMJ) replacement surgery aims to improve mandibular function, reduce pain and enhance quality of life in patients suffering from end-stage TMJ disorders. Traditional post-operative jaw evaluation is carried out using measurement of maximum interincisal opening distance; however, this can correlate poorly to joint function. The present study aimed to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) jaw motion during border movements and chewing in unilateral total TMJ replacement patients and healthy controls. Motion analysis experiments were performed on six unilateral total TMJ replacement patients and ten age-matched healthy controls. Subject-specific motion tracking plates worn by each participant were registered to CT scans of each participant’s skull and mandible to enable anatomical mandibular kinematics measurement using an optoelectronic system. Participants performed 15 repetitions of maximal opening, protrusion, lateral excursions, and chewing cycles. Total TMJ replacement patients had significantly smaller incisal displacements at maximum mouth opening relative to the controls (median difference: 7.1 mm, p = 0.002) and decreased anterior translation of the prosthetic condyle (median difference: 10.5 mm, p = 0.002). When TMJ replacement subjects chewed using their contralateral molars, there was a significant increase in inferior condylar translation of the non-working condyle (median difference: 9.7 mm, p = 0.016). This study found that unilateral total TMJ replacement surgery was associated with mouth opening capacity within the range of healthy individuals, but reduced anterior movement of the prosthetic condyle and restricted protrusion and lateral excursions. The results provide future direction for prosthetic TMJ design to enhance postsurgical implant functionality and improve long-term clinical outcomes for prosthesis recipients.
Journal Article