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"Robinson, Edward"
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Hard-Fighting Soldiers
In the first full-length scholarly synthesis of the African American Churches of Christ, Edward J. Robinson provides a comprehensive look at the church's improbable development against a backdrop of African American oppression. The journey begins with a lesser known preacher, F. F. Carson, in many ways a forerunner in the struggles and triumphs awaiting the preachers and lay people in the congregations to come. Robinson then builds on scholarship treating well-known figures, including Marshall Keeble and G. P. Bowser, to present a wide-ranging history of African American Churches of Christ from their beginnings-when enslaved people embraced the nascent Stone-Campbell Christian Movement even though founder Alexander Campbell himself favored slavery. The author moves on to examine how the churches grew under the leadership of S. R. Cassius, even as Jim Crow restrictions put extreme pressure on organizations of any kind among African Americans.
Robinson's well-researched narrative treats not only the black male leaders of the church, but also women leaders, such as Annie C. Tuggle, as well as notable activities of the church, including music, education, and global evangelism, thus painting a complete picture of African American Churches of Christ. Through scholarship and compelling storytelling, Robinson tells the two-hundred-year tale of how \"black believers survived and thrived on the discarded 'scraps' of America, forging their own identity, fashioning their own lofty ecclesiology and 'hard' theology, and creating their own papers, lectureships, liturgy, and congregations.\" A groundbreaking exploration by a seasoned scholar in American religion, Hard-Fighting Soldiers is sure to become the standard text for anyone researching the African American Churches of Christ.
eBook
Invasion of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea by a Large Benthic Foraminifer in the Little Ice Age
The larger benthic foraminifera is a group of marine protists harbouring symbiotic algae, that are geographically confined to shallow tropical and subtropical waters, often associated with coral reefs. The resulting controls on availability of habitat and rates of dispersion make these foraminifers, particularly the genus Amphistegina, useful proxies in the study of invasive marine biota, transported through hull fouling and ballast water contamination in modern commercial shipping. However, there is limited information on the importance of these dispersal mechanisms for foraminifers in the Pre-Industrial Era (pre-1850) for the Atlantic and Caribbean region. This paper examines possible constraints and vectors controlling the invasion of warm-water taxa from the Indo-Pacific region to the Atlantic and Caribbean region. Heterostegina depressa, first described from St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic, provides a test case. The paper postulates that invasions through natural range expansion or ocean currents were unlikely along the possible available routes and hypothesises that anthropogenic vectors, particularly sailing ships, were the most likely means of transport. It concludes that the invasion of the Atlantic by H. depressa was accomplished within the Little Ice Age (1350–1850 C.E.), during the period between the start of Portuguese marine trade with east Africa in 1497 and the first description of H. depressa in 1826. This hypothesis is likely applicable to other foraminifers and other biota currently resident in the Atlantic and Caribbean region. The model presented provides well-defined parameters that can be tested using methods such as isotopic dating of foraminiferal assemblages in cores and genetic indices of similarity of geographic populations.
Journal Article
Mesophotic coral bleaching associated with changes in thermocline depth
As global temperatures continue to rise, shallow coral reef bleaching has become more intense and widespread. Mesophotic coral ecosystems reside in deeper (30–150 m), cooler water and were thought to offer a refuge to shallow-water reefs. Studies now show that mesophotic coral ecosystems instead have limited connectivity with shallow corals but host diverse endemic communities. Given their extensive distribution and high biodiversity, understanding their susceptibility to warming oceans is imperative. In this multidisciplinary study of an atoll in the Chagos Archipelago in the central Indian Ocean, we show evidence of coral bleaching at 90 m, despite the absence of shallow-water bleaching. We also show that the bleaching was associated with sustained thermocline deepening driven by the Indian Ocean Dipole, which might be further enhanced by internal waves whose influence varied at a sub-atoll scale. Our results demonstrate the potential vulnerability of mesophotic coral ecosystems to thermal stress and highlight the need for oceanographic knowledge to predict bleaching susceptibility and heterogeneity.
Rising global temperatures cause widespread bleaching of shallow coral reefs but mesophotic reefs at depths over 30 metres are thought to be sheltered by cooler waters. Here, at sites in the Chagos Archipelago, the authors show bleaching of corals at depths of 90 metres, which might be due to warm surface waters being pushed deeper by the ocean’s response to the Indian Ocean Dipole.
Journal Article
The absence of Pitx3 results in postnatal loss of dopamine neurons and is associated with an increase in the pro-apoptotic Bcl2 factor Noxa and cleaved caspase 3
Mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons (mdDA) of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) play critical roles in regulating movement and motivation. Pitx3 is an essential transcription factor required for proper embryonic development and terminal differentiation of mdDA neurons. Although Pitx3 is expressed in every mdDA neuron, its ablation results only in the absence of the SNc, not the VTA. The developmental stage at which the loss of SNc first becomes apparent, as well as the underlying mechanism, remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate, using a Pitx3 knockout GFP knock-in mouse model, that this loss does not occur during embryogenesis but rather postnatally. Quantification of GFP expression revealed a significant reduction in the total number of dopamine neurons at postnatal day 3, but not at embryonic day 14.5, 15.5, and 18.5. Mechanistically this reduction is accompanied by an increase in the number of cleaved caspase 3-positive GFP neurons, suggesting apoptosis. In addition, RT-PCR performed on isolated GFP neurons, one day before the loss of dopamine neurons revealed a notable elevation in the expression of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only factor
Noxa
. Overexpression of Noxa in dopaminergic MN9D cells dose-dependently increases the level of cleaved caspase 3 and the number of propidium iodide-positive cells, indicating that Noxa expression is sufficient to induce cell death in dopamine cells. Additionally, Noxa expression in MN9D cells, combined with a Bax-inhibiting peptide, reduces the number of cleaved caspase 3-positive and propidium iodide-positive cells, further supporting apoptosis as the mechanistic form of cell death. Overall, our study provides insights into the cell death machinery implicated in the loss of dopamine neurons, which may hold relevance for diseases affected by the loss of dopamine neurons such as Parkinson’s disease, where this is a hallmark feature.
Journal Article
Reductions in biomarkers of exposure, impacts on smoking urge and assessment of product use and tolerability in adult smokers following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes
Background
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are popular alternatives to conventional cigarettes among adult smokers wishing to reduce their exposure to harmful smoke constituents. However, little information exists on the relative internal exposures resulting from the exclusive or dual use of e-cigarettes.
Methods
Measurements of product use; adverse events; changes in smoking urge; and blood, urine and exhaled breath biomarkers of exposure (BoE) representing toxicants believed to contribute to smoking related diseases were made at baseline and after five days of product use in 105 clinically-confined smokers randomized into groups that partially or completely substituted their usual brand combustible cigarette with commercial e-cigarettes, or discontinued all nicotine and tobacco products.
Results
Subjects switching to e-cigarettes had significantly lower levels (29 %–95 %) of urinary BoEs after 5 days. Nicotine equivalents declined by 25 %–40 %. Dual users who substituted half of their self-reported daily cigarette consumption with e-cigarettes experienced 7 %–38 % reductions, but had increases (1 %–20 %) in nicotine equivalents. Blood nicotine biomarker levels were lower in the cessation (75 %–96 %) and e-cigarette use groups (11 %–83 %); dual users had no significant reductions. All groups experienced significant decreases in exhaled CO (27 %–89 %). Exhaled NO increases (46 %–63 %) were observed in the cessation and e-cigarette use groups; dual users had minimal changes. By Day 5, all groups had greater reductions in smoking urge compared to cessation. However, reductions were larger in the dual use group. No serious adverse events were observed.
Conclusions
Exposures to harmful smoke toxicants were observed to be lower in smokers who completely or partially replaced their cigarettes with e-cigarettes over five days.
Journal Article