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The pawed piper
\"A small girl wants a cat of her very own: a furry fluffball to cuddle, just like the one in her book or her grandmother's cat, Hector. So she lays a trail: balls of wool, saucers of milk, cardboard boxes, and anything else that could lure a feline friend. And who should arrive the next morning but somebody furry, warm, soft, and so very purry. It's Hector, along with dozens of other cats. The girl is happy as can be, but when LOST CAT posters show up all over town, she realizes her plan might have worked a little too well\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Psychosocial Health Interventions by Social Robots: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Social robots that can communicate and interact with people offer exciting opportunities for improved health care access and outcomes. However, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on health or well-being outcomes has not yet been clearly synthesized across all health domains where social robots have been tested.
This study aimed to undertake a systematic review examining current evidence from RCTs on the effects of psychosocial interventions by social robots on health or well-being.
Medline, PsycInfo, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Engineering Village searches across all years in the English language were conducted and supplemented by forward and backward searches. The included papers reported RCTs that assessed changes in health or well-being from interactions with a social robot across at least 2 measurement occasions.
Out of 408 extracted records, 27 trials met the inclusion criteria: 6 in child health or well-being, 9 in children with autism spectrum disorder, and 12 with older adults. No trials on adolescents, young adults, or other problem areas were identified, and no studies had interventions where robots spontaneously modified verbal responses based on speech by participants. Most trials were small (total N=5 to 415; median=34), only 6 (22%) reported any follow-up outcomes (2 to 12 weeks; median=3.5) and a single-blind assessment was reported in 8 (31%). More recent trials tended to have greater methodological quality. All papers reported some positive outcomes from robotic interventions, although most trials had some measures that showed no difference or favored alternate treatments.
Controlled research on social robots is at an early stage, as is the current range of their applications to health care. Research on social robot interventions in clinical and health settings needs to transition from exploratory investigations to include large-scale controlled trials with sophisticated methodology, to increase confidence in their efficacy.
Journal Article
Recess is ruined
When a storm forces them inside for recess, third-grader Billy and his friends sneak into the school library and turn it into a chaotic mess--so he organizes a book drive as an apology.
Book
A Comparison of Health Care Expenditures for Medicaid-Insured Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Asthma in an Expanding Accountable Care Organization
As value-based care continues to expand, more children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) will be treated by accountable care organizations (ACOs), provider organizations seeking to improve population health while reducing costs. To inform ACO strategies for children with ASD, this study compared health care expenditures of children insured by a Medicaid managed care organization, empaneled to a safety net ACO, with ASD, asthma, and neither diagnosis. Compared to other study groups, children with ASD were more costly, had lower rates of acute care, and had higher rates of “leaked” care provided by home- and community-based mental health agencies outside of the ACO. These findings highlight the need for unique value-based strategies for children with ASD in a public sector ACO.
Journal Article
Cryptosporidium oocyst wall proteins are true components of the oocyst wall and COWP8 is not required for parasite transmission
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant cause of diarrhoeal disease contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality for the immunocompromised and for young children, especially those who are malnourished. There are no vaccines and no effective treatments for these patients. Cryptosporidium parasites are transmitted as an oocyst, which is composed of a hardy oocyst wall that protects parasites in the environment. Oocysts are often waterborne, and are resistant to common water treatments, including chlorination. Little is understood about how the Cryptosporidium oocyst is constructed, its composition, and the how it resists chlorination. A family of nine Cryptosporidium Oocyst Wall Proteins (COWPs) is predicted from the genome. However, due to the technical challenges of working with this parasite in the laboratory, only cowp1 has been investigated to date. Using CRISPR/Cas9, fluorescent fusions were generated for the remaining members of the family, COWP s 2–9. Microscopy confirms that all COWP s localise to the oocyst wall. Further, COWP s 2–4 appear to localise specifically to the oocyst suture, the site from which parasites emerge from the oocyst during infection. Cowp 6 and 8 were observed to be expressed by female parasites. These proteins localise to puncta consistent with organelles called wall forming bodies. These organelles store and then secrete material to form the oocyst wall. Parasites lacking cowp8 produce viable oocysts that have typical oocyst morphology. Cowp8 knockout oocysts are transmissible under laboratory settings and readily infect immunocompromised mice. Biomechanical measurements determine that COWP8 is not required for the strength of the oocyst wall. This work confirms the role of cowp s in oocyst wall formation and sets a foundation for further exploration of the role of these proteins in transmission of Cryptosporidium parasites.
Journal Article
The ferret fiasco
When third-grader Billy Burger takes the class pet ferret to the school assembly it gets away, and Billy finds himself in trouble with the school and his detective father.
Book
Mode of action studies confirm on-target engagement of lysyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor and lead to new selection marker for Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrheal-associated morbidity and mortality, predominantly affecting children under 5 years old in low-and-middle-income countries. There is no effective treatment and no vaccine. New therapeutics are emerging from drug discovery efforts. It is critical that mode of action studies are performed alongside drug discovery to ensure the best clinical outcomes. Unfortunately, technology to identify and validate drug targets for
is severely lacking.
We used
lysyl-tRNA synthetase (
KRS) and DDD01510706 as a target-compound pair to develop both chemical and genetic tools for mode of action studies for
. We adapted thermal proteome profiling (TPP) for
, an unbiased approach for target identification.
Using TPP we identified the molecular target of DDD01510706 and confirm that it is
KRS. Genetic tools confirm that
KRS is expressed throughout the life cycle and that this target is essential for parasite survival. Parasites genetically modified to over-express
KRS or parasites with a mutation at the compound-binding site are resistant to treatment with DDD01510706. We leveraged these mutations to generate a second drug selection marker for genetic modification of
, KRS
. This second selection marker is interchangeable with the original selection marker, Neo
, and expands the range of reverse genetic approaches available to study parasite biology. Due to the sexual nature of the
life cycle, parental strains containing different drug selection markers can be crossed
.
Selection with both drug markers produces highly efficient genetic crosses (>99% hybrid progeny), paving the way for forward genetics approaches in
.
Journal Article
Jumping for junk food
His parents have placed the perpetually hungry Billy on a strict diet--no junk food--and despite the trouble it causes him, it looks like he will be in shape for the annual school jump-a-thon--which is interrupted by a trio of teenage thieves.
Book
Multi-height metasurface for wavefront manipulation fabricated by direct laser writing lithography
We introduce two types of dielectric metasurfaces, consisting of 3 × 3 regions, which manipulate wavefront by different feature heights. Both polarization-dependent and polarization-independent metasurfaces are realized for phase depth of 0 ∼ 2π at 1550 nm, with considerable average transmittance of 80.1 and 85.1 %, respectively. The phase modulation capability can be extended over a broadband range of 1460.1–1618.0 nm for optical communications, by carefully designing nanofeature sizes. Moreover, the entire metasurfaces with nanofeatures of varying heights can be fabricated in a single process by using direct laser writing with high-precision, which is beneficial for mass production and promising in developing efficient and ultracompact devices.
Journal Article