Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
3,068
result(s) for
"Robinson, R. G."
Sort by:
The etiology of poststroke depression: a review of the literature and a new hypothesis involving inflammatory cytokines
Although poststroke depression is unlikely to represent a single disorder and numerous etiologies for different kinds of poststroke depression will likely emerge as the result of future research, we believe that a number of poststroke depressive disorders are likely to be the result of specific changes in brain pathology and neurophysiology. Nevertheless, there are relatively few hypotheses about the pathophysiology of poststroke depression. This paper, therefore, proposes a new hypothesis for poststroke depression involving increased production of proinflammatory cytokines resulting from brain ischemia in cerebral areas linked to the pathogenesis of mood disorders. This paper reviews the evidence supporting the hypothesis that proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the occurrence of stroke as well as mood disorders linked to the brain damage. The increased production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1
β
, TNF-
α
or IL-18 resulting from stroke may lead to an amplification of the inflammatory process, particularly in limbic areas, and widespread activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and subsequently to depletion of serotonin in paralimbic regions such as the ventral lateral frontal cortex, polar temporal cortex and basal ganglia. The resultant physiological dysfunction may lead to poststroke depression. Future investigations may explore this hypothesis through more extensive studies on the role of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1
β
, TNF-
α
or even IL-18, in patients with poststroke depression.
Journal Article
A prospective longitudinal study of apathy in Alzheimer’s disease
Background: Apathy and depression are the most frequent behavioural and psychiatric disorders in Alzheimer’s disease, and may both have a negative impact on the progression of the illness. Objectives: To examine the clinical correlates of apathy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and to determine whether apathy is a significant predictor of more rapid cognitive, functional and emotional decline. Methods: Using a structured psychiatric evaluation, we examined a consecutive series of 354 subjects meeting clinical criteria for AD. Apathy was assessed by the Apathy Scale, and diagnosed using standardised criteria. Additional measurements included scales for depression, functional impairment, and global cognitive functions. A follow up evaluation was carried out in 247 patients (70% of the total sample) between 1 and 4 years after the baseline evaluation. Results: Apathy was significantly associated with older age (p = 0.009), and a higher frequency of minor and major depression (p<0.0001). Apathy at baseline was a significant predictor of depression at follow up (p = 0.01), and was associated with a faster cognitive (p = 0.0007) and functional decline (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Apathy in AD is a behavioural marker of a more aggressive dementia, characterised by a faster progression of cognitive, functional, and emotional impairment.
Journal Article
Hyperbolic model to evaluate uplift force on pile in expansive soils
The piles in expansive soils would experience uplift force on the shaft of the piles due to the swelling of the soils. For a given soil, the magnitude of interface shear stress (uplift force) on pile depends on the interface friction between the pile material and the soil, normal stress acting on the pile surface and the magnitude of swelling, which in turn creates the relative movement at the interface between the soil and the pile material. The hyperbolic representation of stress strain curves has been found to be a convenient and useful means of representing the non-linearity of the stress strain curves of soils and forms an important part of the stress strain relationship. In this paper a simplified hyperbolic model is proposed to evaluate the pile uplift in expansive soil. The hyperbolic model is developed based on the model pile uplift tests, interface shear tests and consolidation test results. The interface shear stress is also evaluated using a program PIES (Axial response of Pile In Expansive Soils). Both the analytical studies gave a good correlation of interface shear stress profile obtained by laboratory studies. Finally a design procedure is proposed to evaluate the uplift force along the shaft of pile in expansive soils.
Journal Article
Inadvertent Dural Puncture Causing Low Pressure Headache and Peripheral Vestibular Bilateral Damage
Introduction: This edition of the Audiology Research journal is dedicated to Dr. John Epley. For this reason, we would like to present a very unusual case involving the development of a bilateral abnormality of the otolith organs. The otoliths are the structures from which calcium particles detach to induce benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, the disorder for which Dr. Epley is famous for managing. Case report: This case report outlines an unusual presentation of vestibular pathology involving the otoliths. Discussion: We suggest that the atypical presentation may be related to a bilaterally asymmetrical insult to the otoliths. Conclusions: The central insult suffered by this patient resulted in bilateral peripheral otolithic pathology.
Journal Article
A diagnostic formulation for anosognosia in Alzheimer’s disease
Objective: To determine the earliest symptoms of anosognosia in people with Alzheimer’s disease and to validate a criteria-guided strategy to diagnose anosognosia in dementia. Methods: A consecutive series of 750 patients with very mild or probable Alzheimer’s disease attending a memory clinic, as well as their respective care givers, was assessed using a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation. Results: The factors of anosognosia for (1) basic activities of daily living (bADL), (2) instrumental activities of daily living (iADL), (3) depression and (4) disinhibition were produced by a principal component analysis on the differential scores (ie, caregiver score minus patient score) on the anosognosia questionnaire for dementia. A discrepancy of two or more points in the anosognosia-iADL factor was found to have a high sensitivity and specificity to identify clinically diagnosed anosognosia in people with Alzheimer’s disease. By logistic regression analysis, the severity of dementia and apathy were both shown to be noticeably associated with anosognosia in people with Alzheimer’s disease. Conclusion: Anosognosia in those with Alzheimer’s disease is manifested as poor awareness of deficits in iADL and bADL, depressive changes and behavioural disinhibition. The frequency of anosognosia is found to increase considerably with the severity of dementia. The validity of a specific set of criteria to diagnose anosognosia in people with Alzheimer’s disease was shown, which may contribute to the early identification of this condition.
Journal Article
Resilient Modulus of Lime Treated Expansive Soil
Subgrade soils play a major role in the proper functioning of pavements. They are subjected to repeated loads due to traffic and often subjected to moisture ingress during monsoon seasons. If the subgrade is expansive in nature, lime stabilization is commonly adopted to mitigate swelling and shrinkage. However, the behavior of lime treated expansive soil under the cyclic loading and effect of moisture ingress is not yet fully understood. The subgrade is generally characterized by the parameter Resilient Modulus (
M
R
), which is determined under laboratory conditions. Considering these issues, an experimental study is attempted to compare the resilient modulus (
M
R
) and permanent strain values of untreated and lime treated soil. The comparison is made based on different percentages of lime and curing period. The test results are finally used to analyze the behavior of lime treated soil in their in-situ stress states.
Journal Article
Impact of depressed mood on neuropsychological status in temporal lobe epilepsy
OBJECTIVES Depression is a common psychiatric complication of temporal lobe epilepsy. This study examined the effect of depressed mood on neuropsychological performance among patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS Seventy consecutive surgery candidates for medication resistant complex partial seizures of unilateral temporal lobe origin were assessed for psychiatric symptoms and underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS Standardised psychiatric interview disclosed that 34% of the patient sample exhibited significant depression. Controlling for seizure frequency, patients with comorbid depression at the time of neuropsychological assessment exhibited significantly poorer performance on measures of intelligence, language, visuoperceptual ability, memory, and executive function. Within lateralised temporal lobe epilepsy groups, the adverse effects of depression on cognitive function were greater in patients with left temporal lobe compared with those with right temporal lobe epilepsy. In addition, depression seemed to be underrecognised and undertreated as none of the patients with epilepsy and comorbid depression were treated for their psychiatric condition at the time of admission for monitoring. CONCLUSIONS Depression, a common psychiatric comorbidity among patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy, seems to be undertreated and to have adverse effects on cognitive functioning.
Journal Article
Desiccated state free swell index – a simple method for classification of soil expansivity
Index properties such as liquid limit, plasticity index, shrinkage index, colloidal content, and free swell index (FSI) are used to identify and classify the nature of soil expansivity. However, for these tests either powdered or remoulded soils are used for testing and do not reflect the field placement conditions and soil structure. Hence, the present article proposes a new Desiccated State Free Swell (DSFS) index to encompass the field placement conditions and soil structure. In this method, the small compacted soil specimens are subjected to two-stage process – desiccation followed by swell measurement. The compacted or undisturbed soil specimens are placed in 100 ml glass measuring jars and allowed to swell in distilled water, similar to the FSI test. The percentage increase in the volume of the desiccated soil specimens is measured, and the same is used for the classification of degree of soil expansion. A total of 21 soils covering a wide range of plasticity characteristics and swell potentials were used for the present study. Based on the DSFS test results, a new classification chart is proposed for the prediction of the degree of soil expansion. The experimental findings revealed that the soil expansion predicted using the DSFS method is superior to the conventional indirect methods and matches well with the oedometer swell potentials.
Journal Article