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الرياضيات في العراق القديم : التاريخ الاجتماعي
يمثل هذا الكتاب طبيعة العلاقة الخاصة بين الأنثروبولوجيا وتعليم الرياضيات، إذ يتناول بالدراسة والتحليل تاريخ الرياضيات في العراق القديم بأسلوب أنثروبولوجي رصين يوضح التاريخ الاجتماعي للعراق القديم وعلى الرغم من أن دراسة تاريخ الرياضيات عند شعوب العالم بشكل عام وشعوب منطقة الشرق الأوسط بشكل خاص قد حظيت باهتمام كبير من الباحثين عبر العالم إلا أن منطقة الشرق الأوسط لم تنل هذا الاهتمام في الدراسات العربية.
Book
Enabling urban systems transformations: co-developing national and local strategies
Transformative urban development is urgent to achieve future sustainable development and wellbeing. Transformation can benefit from shared and cumulative learning on strategies to guide urban development across local to national scales, while also reflecting the complex emergent nature of urban systems, and the need for context-specific and place-based solutions. The article addresses this challenge, drawing on extensive transdisciplinary engagement and National Strategy co-development processes for Australia. This includes generation of two frameworks as boundary objects to assist such transdisciplinary strategy development. An ‘enabling urban systems transformation’ framework comprises four generic overarching transformation enablers and a set of necessary underpinning urban capacities. This also built cumulatively on other sustainability and urban transformation studies. A complementary ‘knowledge for urban systems transformation’ framework comprises key knowledge themes that can support an integrated systems approach to mission-focused urban transformations, such as decarbonising cities. The article provides insights on the transdisciplinary processes, urban systems frameworks, and scoping of key strategies that may help those developing transformation strategies from local to national scales.
Science highlights
• Transdisciplinary national urban strategy development is used to distil generic frameworks and strategy scopes with potential international application.
• The frameworks also build on other published framings to support convergent, cumulative and transdisciplinary urban science.
• The ‘enabling transformations’ and ‘urban knowledge’ frameworks include the perspective of those developing sustainable urban systems strategies.
• The enabling framework also informs ‘National Urban Policy’ and ‘Knowledge and Innovation Hub’ strategies, and prevailing power imbalances.
• The knowledge framework can help frame urban challenges, missions and knowledge programs.
Policy and practice recommendations
• An urban ‘transformation imperative’ and ‘strategic response’ can be co-developed from local to national scales.
• Local initiative is crucial to drive urban strategies, but sustained national leadership with coherent policy across sectors and scales is also key.
• Diversity in engagement participation and processes generates whole-of-urban-systems and local-to-national perspectives.
• Urban solutions are context-specific but generic frameworks can help collaborative issue framing and responses.
• Collaborative issue framing informed by generic frameworks can bring broader perspectives to context-specific and contested policy and practice issues.
Journal Article
Se(XY) matters: the importance of incorporating sex in microphysiological models
The development of microphysiological models is currently at the forefront of preclinical research. Although these 3D tissue models are being developed to mimic physiological organ function and diseases, which are often sexually dimorphic, sex is usually neglected as a biological variable. For decades, national research agencies have required government-funded clinical trials to include both male and female participants as a means of eliminating male bias. However, this is not the case in preclinical trials, which have been shown to favor male rodents in animal studies and male cell types in in vitro studies. In this Opinion, we highlight the importance of considering sex as a biological variable and outline five approaches for incorporating sex-specific features into current microphysiological models.
There is a bias towards male cells and animal models in preclinical research which can lead to increased risk to female participants in clinical trials. Incorporating sex-specific functions into microphysiological models will allow the assessment of sexually dimorphic cell and organ function, disease, and drug response at the preclinical stage.Techniques for incorporating sex in microphysiological models include the selection of cell sex, the modeling of sexually dimorphic organ structures, the addition of hormones in culture, the modeling of reproductive organs and their inclusion in body-on-a-chip systems.Advances in cell culture, microfluidics, and biofabrication are required to incorporate sex-specific features to organoid, organ-on-a-chip, and body-on-a-chip systems..
Journal Article
Understanding citizen perceptions of the Eastern Hills of Bogota: a participatory place-based ecosystem service assessment
Integrated assessment of natural and human systems is regarded as a way to facilitate effective governance of complex environmental issues, and engagement of stakeholders is recognised as a key requirement of such an assessment. Place-based ecosystem service analysis is one framework for integrative research on understanding citizen values. By using the lens of place, participants can articulate values and perceptions. Advantages of this framework are particularly relevant in the urban setting, given that the population and functioning of cities create especially high pressure on ecosystems and biodiversity of the surrounding areas. This study reports on a place-based ecosystem service analysis study in Bogota, Colombia. It aimed to identify how urban citizens conceptualise the socio-ecological value of a nearby protected natural area, the Eastern Hills Protected Forest Area. The objective was to generate an integrated understanding of the services the Hills provide to Bogota. The study found that the services of fresh water and habitat provision, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, erosion control and climate and air quality were highly prioritised ecosystem services due to their fundamental importance for the maintenance of human life. The Hills also hold cultural value for Bogotans, such as a sense of belonging and identity, being the natural symbol of Bogota and inspiration for escapism. There is enthusiasm for greater stewardship and conservation of the Hills, and demand for a greater role in decision making. The place-based ecosystem service approach can be developed as a tool for developing an integrated understanding of citizen values for landscape management.
Journal Article
Community Preferences for Urban Systems Transformation in Australia
Civil society engagement is important for enabling urban systems transformations that meet community needs. The development of Future Earth Australia’s Sustainable Cities and Regions: A 10-Year Strategy for Urban Systems was underpinned by cross-sectoral workshops in 7 Australian urban areas and interviews with key stakeholders to create a shared vision of both current and desired future urban structure and policy. We then created an online survey to gauge broader community feedback on the vision which emerged from these workshops and interviews, to compare their outcomes with the views of community members who could be directly impacted by urban decision-making. The survey consisted of 35 questions, which were shaped by the issues emerging from the workshops and interviews. The sample was self-selected, and the 641 respondents represented a cross-section of individuals interested in sustainable cities. Our survey results supported and expanded on the major conclusions of FEA’s National workshop and interview processes, including the need to develop transparent and responsive decision-making processes, limit waste and pollution and develop effective housing and transport alternatives with mixed-use neighborhoods and adequate green space.
Journal Article
TELL KHAIBER
Excavations at Tell Khaiber in southern Iraq by the Ur Region Archaeological Project have revealed a substantial building (hereafter the Public Building) dating to the mid-second millennium B.C. The results are significant for the light they shed on Babylonian provincial administration, particularly of food production, for revealing a previously unknown type of fortified monumental building, and for producing a dated archive, in context, of the little-understood Sealand Dynasty. The project also represents a return of British field archaeology to long-neglected Babylonia, in collaboration with Iraq’s State Board for Antiquities and Heritage. Comments on the historical background and physical location of Tell Khaiber are followed by discussion of the form and function of the Public Building. Preliminary analysis of the associated archive provides insights into the social milieu of the time. Aspects of the material culture, including pottery, are also discussed.
التنقيبات التي جرت في تل خيبر في جنوب العراق من قبل مشروع منطقة أور الأثري كشفت عن مبنى كبير (نسميه من هنا فصاعدا بأسم المبنى العام) يعود تاريخه الى منتصف الألف الثاني قبل الميلاد. كانت نتائج التنقيبات مهمة لما ألقته من ضوء على الإدارة المحلية البابلية خصوصا فيما يتعلقبإنتاج المواد الغذائية وكشفتعن نوع من المبانيالضخمة المحصنة لم يكن معروفا سابقا وانتجتأرشيفا مؤرخا لسلالة القطر البحريسياقا والذيلم تكن معروفة سابقا الا القليل . يمثل المشروع كذلك عودة العملياتالأثرية البريطانية الموقعية الى بابل التي طالتفترة إهمالها وذلك بالتعاون مع مديرية الآثار والتراث العراقية. يحتوي البحثعلى ملاحظاتعن الخلفية التاريخية وموقع تل خيبر يتبعها نقاشحول شكل ووظيفة المبنى العام . يعرضالتحليل الأولي للإرشيفالمرتبط نظرة ثاقبة عن البيئة الاجتماعية لتلك الحقبة الزمنية. كما يتناول البحث كذلك الثقافة المادية بما فيها الفخاريات .
Journal Article